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LCRS Neuro > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

what are the behavioural criteria for sleep?

A
  • posture (species specific)
  • minimal movement
  • reduced responsiveness to stimuli
  • reversible via stimuli unlike with coma
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2
Q

what are the 3 main methods of monitoring sleep?

A

EEG
EMG
EOG (Electrooculogram)

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3
Q

muscle tone and brain activity whilst awake

A

fast brain activity in EEG (beta rhythmn displayed at 30Hz)

some muscle tone

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4
Q

changes in brain activity and muscle movement in light sleep (stages 1 and 2)

A

beta become theta rhythmn (4-8Hz)
EEG activity slows down

no eye movements
general muscle activity reduced

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5
Q

changes in brain activity and muscle movement in deep sleep (stages 3 and 4)

A

theta becomes delta activity (slowest rhythmn at 1 Hz)
minimal eye movement
continued relaxation of the muscles

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6
Q

stage 5 sleep

A

REM Sleep
brain activity becomes fast
REM is visible
lowest muscle activity (paralysed)

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7
Q

which stages of sleep are non-REM?

A

1-4

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8
Q

how long does a sleep cycle in the night last?

A

1-1.5 hours

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9
Q

when is REM sleep more frequent?

A

towards the end of the night

more slow-wave sleep at the beginning

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10
Q

heart rate and respiration rate during the night

A

at the beginning with slow wave sleep, heart rate and resp rate are slower and they get faster with REM sleep

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11
Q

what system controls conciousness and where does it project into and influence?

A

Reticular activating system

starts in the brainstem and projects into the cerebral cortex to exert its influence

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12
Q

types of effects of the RAS

A

direct or via the intralaminar nuclei

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13
Q

which part of the hypothamalus exerts the excitatory input of the RAS?

A

lateral hypothalamus (active during the day)

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14
Q

what part of the hypothalamus exerts the negative effect of the RAS?

A

ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

promoting sleep

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15
Q

relationship between lateral hypothalamus and ventrolateral preoptic nucleus?

A

antagonistic
the activity of one inhibits the other

regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus

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16
Q

which nucleus synchronises sleep with falling light level

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

17
Q

how does the SCN reduce traffic in the RAS and therefore induce sleep

A
  • light input is received via the retina
  • light falls on a non-RGC ganglionic cell
  • the falling level of light activates the SCN more
  • causing an inhibition of the LH and increased activity of the VPN which can have its negating effect on RAS whilst reducing RAS traffic

MORE light–> LESS SCN activity
SCN is a sleep inducer

18
Q

what are the effects of sleep deprivation?

A

o Sleepiness and irritability.
o Performance decrements/increased risk of error.
o Concentration and learning difficulties.
o Glucose intolerance.
o Reduced leptin – increased appetite
o Hallucinations- after long deprivation
o Death- fatal familial insomnia

19
Q

what are the reactive effects as a result of sleep loss?

A
  • reduced latency to sleep onset (sleep earlier the next day)
  • increased NREM i.e. more slow-wave sleep as you sleep longer
  • increased REM after REM sleep deprivation
20
Q

function of sleep

A
  • restoration and recovery
  • energy conservation ( 10% BMR decrease is also achieved by lying still)
  • [predator avoidance]
  • brain functions
  • memory
21
Q

which part of sleep is REM sleep most common?

A

in REM sleep but can occur in NREM

dreams in REM is more easily recalled

22
Q

characteristics of dreams

A

more emotional than real life
this is due to higher limbic system activity than frontal lobe during dreams

limbic system involves emotion regulation while the frontal lobe involves logical thought and informed decision making

23
Q

functions of dreams

A
  • safety valve for antisocial emotions
  • sorting memories, removing irrelavant information
  • memory consolidation
24
Q

memory consolidation in NREM and REM

A

NREM- declarative memory - facts and events

REM- procedural memory- learning skills

25
Q

two main causes of insomnia

A

1) physiological
- sleep apnoea
- chronic pain

2) brain dysfunction
- depression
- FFI
- night work

26
Q

treating insomnia

A

removing the cause
hypnotics enhancing the GABAergic circuits (inhibitory effects)
improve sleep hygiene
sleep CBT

27
Q

what is narcolepsy?

A

falling asleep repeatedly during the day with distrubed sleep in the night

28
Q

what is cataplexy?

A

sudden onset muscle weakness precipated by strong emotion like excitement.

can cause the person to fall over

29
Q

causes of narcolepsy

A

orexin/hypocretin deficiency
(orexin is a neuropeptide used as the transmitter by the lateral hypothalamus)

can be genetic or autoimmune
person needs to adhere to strict sleeping routines

30
Q

what are the effects of night shifts

A

physiological processes become desynchronised
sleep disorders, fatigue
increased risk of diabetes, obesity and cancer

LCRS Neuro (19 decks)

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