NMJ and spinal motor tract Flashcards
what inputs alter the membrane potential of a neuronal body?
o Excitatory Post Synaptic Potentials (EPSPs) – bring the potential closer to the threshold for firing.
o Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potentials (IPSPs) – move the potential further away from the threshold for firing.
these can summate and determine whether a neurone will reach its threshold potential
what is a neuromuscular junction?
specialised synapse between a single motor neurone and motor end-plate
mechanism for action potential transmission from neurone to muscle
AP causes calcium influx there is a release of ACh ACh binds to motor end-plate receptor sodium ion channels open for an influx triggers AP in the muscle
what occurs at rest in the NMJ?
there are individual vesicles that release ACh at a very slow rate causing miniature end-plate potentials (mEPPs)
which is the lower motor neurone?
the alpha motor neurone
(anterior/ventral horn) from spinal cord to muscle
its activation causes skeletal muscle contraction
[think of lower as descended and therefore motor]
what is a motor neurone pool?
all the alpha motor neurones innervating a single muscle
somatotopic arrangement of neurones in the spinal cord
flexors- posterior
extensors- anterior
distal and proximal
what is a motor unit?
single motor neurone and all the muscle fibres that is innervates
a single muscle fibres cannot be innervated by two motor neurones (competition for innervation occurs around birth)
average neurone innervates about 600 fibres
how does the innervation ratio affect the precision of movement?
a higher number of muscle fibres innervated by a single motor neurone (i.e. higher innervation ratio) leads to more precise movement
what are the three types of motor unit?
1) Slow Type I (S)
2) Fast, Fatigue Resistant Type IIA (FR)
3) Fast, Fatigable Type IIB (FF)
these are all widely spread , not discretely located
slow type I fibres
smallest soma
small dendritic trees
thinnest axons
slow conductance
FR type IIA fibres
larger soma,
larger dendritic tree
thicker axon
fast conductance
FF type IIB fibres
larger soma
larger dendritic treee
thicker axon
fastest conductance
what are the factors that classify the three types of motor unit
tension generated
speed of conductance
fatiguability of the unit
what are the two mechanisms for regulating the force generated by the motor units?
1) recruitment
2) rate coding
how does “recruitment” control the force generated?
size principle:
smaller units are recruited first, generally the slow twitch ones
as more force is required , more units are recruited allowing for fine control when low force is required
how does “rate coding” affect the force generated?
controlling the rate of firing
slow units fire at a slower rate
as firing rate increases, the force by the unit increases
summation occurs when the units fire at a rate too fast to allow time for the muscle to relax between contractions
what are the functions of neurotrophic factors (neuronal growth factor)?
1) prevent neuronal cell death
2) promote growth of neurones after injury
how can the speed characteristics and other properties of motor units change?
with cross innervation
with training
with deconditioning
with ageing
what change occurs in muscular training to fibres?
type IIB to IIA
they become less fatiguable
what change occurs in deconditioning to fibres?
deconditioning of the spinal cord converts type I to type II
what change occurs in ageing to fibres?
there is a loss of type I and II
there is a preferential lose of type II so there is majority type I
which motor tracts are mostly responsible for the motor function of the body?
the lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts
what is a reflex?
an autonomic and often inborn response to a stimulus that involves a nerve impulse passing in from a receptor to a nerve centre and then outwards to an effector without reaching the level of consciousness (i.e. the brain)
how do reflexes differentiated from voluntary movements?
when a reflex has been initiated, it can not be stopped
reflex arc pathway
sensory receptor sensory neurone integration in interneurone at the level of the spinal cord motor neurone effector muscle
how can we tell ,experimentally, how many synapses there are in a reflex arc?
difference in time between an afferent volley and the intercellular efferent volley
what is the reflex involving the patellar ligament called?
monosynaptic stretch reflex where stretch receptors are activated and the integration centre produces an inhibitory and excitatory impulse for two different muscle groups
what is involved in the Hoffman reflex?
an electronical reflex test producing an initial direct M wave response at a higher stimulus strength. This one has next to no synapses involved
the H reflex fires more slowly but at a lower stimulus threshold. This one has a few synapses involved. It decreases as the M wave forms
what does the flexion withdrawal enable you to do?
involve many muscle groups so that you can balance yourself even when reflexing
with the crossed extensor on the other leg, you can ensure not to fall down
is the brain involved in reflexes?
there is suprapsinal control that influences reflex action
higher centres of the CNS exert inhibitory and excitatory regulation on the stretch reflex in normal conditions (where there is dominant inhibitory control)
example of evidence that shows supraspinal control of reflexes?
Jendrassik manoeuvre
- clench teeth while knee jerks
what is the effect of a lack of supraspinal control on the reflexes?
decerebration or reduced inhibition from the CNS lead to hyperreflexia and spasticity
what are activated by the higher centres to exert influence over reflexes?
Alpha motor neurons. Inhibitory interneurons. Propriospinal neurons. Gamma motor neurons. Terminals of afferent fibres.
what higher centres and pathways are involved in the supraspinal control of reflexes?
Cortex (corticospinal)- fine control.
Red nucleus(rubrospinal)- autonomic movements of arm in response to posture/balance changes.
Vestibular nucleus (vestibulospinal)- altering posture to maintain balance.
Tectum (tectospinal )-head movements in response to visual information.
what enables our muscles never to remain slack?
what is the purpose of this?
the gamma reflex loop and gamma motor neurones (closely associated to alpha neurones and fire together) ensure muscles are never slack
so they remain sensitive to stretch movements
what do stroke patients have in terms of reflex?
loss of descending inhibition
hyperreflexia ensues
clonus- due to continuous stretch and contraction until voluntary stopping
classical sign displayed in stroke patients?
Babinski’s sign
[dorsiflexion of big toe while the other toes flare out]
what disease is hyporeflexia associated with?
lower motor neurone disease