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LCRS Neuro > Development of the nervous system > Flashcards

Development of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 distinct layers that form the nervous system?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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2
Q

which layer forms the neural plate?

A

ectoderm (most exterior/distal layer)

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3
Q

how is the neural canal formed?

A

when the neural plate folds up and the sides fuse dorsally

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4
Q

what forms the CNS?

A 
neural tube (the wall, i.e. neuroepithelium)
neural tube layers:
1) neuroepithelium 
2) mantle--> grey matter
3) marginal--> white matter
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5
Q

what forms the PNS?

A

neural crest

neural crest gives rise to PNS cells like schwann cells

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6
Q

what are the 3 types of cells that differentiate from the neuroepithelium?

A

1) neuroblasts
2) glioblasts (become astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial)
3) ependymal (lines the central canal of spinal cord)

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7
Q

what are neuroblasts?

A

all neurones with cell bodies within the CNS

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8
Q

what do glioblasts become?

A

that become neuroglia

astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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9
Q

what do ependymal cells line?

A

line the ventricles and central canal

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10
Q

what are the 4 cells that differentiate from neural crests cells?

A

1) sensory neurones of the dorsal root ganglia and cranial ganglia
2) post ganglionic autonomic neurones
3) Schwann cells (PNS)
4) non-neuronal derivatives e.g. melanocytes

Neural crest (from the ectoderm)–> PNS

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11
Q

what do the the 3 layers of cells within the neuroepithelium contain?

A

neuroepithelium aka neuroectoderm surrounds the neural tube; considered the stem cells of the neural tube

the stem cells become radial glial cells
the radial glial cells become neurones and glia

[the most inner undergo mitosis (ependymal layer)
next up the cells contain the cell bodies (grey matter) and the outermost contain the axons (white matter)
the outer cells develop into neuroblasts]

grey means soma
white means axon

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12
Q

what do glioblasts develop instead of axons?

A

do not develop axons but develop processes

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13
Q

what are the neural tube layers?

A

o Inner – Ependymal layer – germinal layer.
o Middle – Grey matter – mantle layer.
o Outer – White matter – marginal layer.

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14
Q

what controls differentiation at the neural tube?

A

signalling molecules secreted by surrounding tissues that bind with receptors on neuroblasts

control of migration and axonal growth by attraction and repulsion

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15
Q

what does differentiation depend on?

A

concentration gradient and timing

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16
Q

how is the grey matter split in the developing spinal cord?

A

1) alar plate–> dorsal sensory horn

2) basal plate –> ventral motor horn with some interneurones and motor neurones
this is split by the sulcus limitans

intermediate horns are only found from T1-T12, L1-L2 containing the sympathetic portion of the ANS

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17
Q

what features of the early spinal cord become features of the mature spinal cord?

A

neural canal–> central canal with CSF

alar plate–> dorsal horns

basal plate–> ventral horns
spinal cord becomes surrounded by thick white matter

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18
Q

what is the notochord?

A
  • found below the basal plate
  • produces signalling molecules
  • established the conc gradient as the highest concentration is present near here.
19
Q

what is the result of signalling molecules being produced at the notochord on the neural tube cells nearby?

A

the cells of the neural tube closest to the notochord are induced to become motor neurones

20
Q

what other feature produces signalling molecules?

A

ectoderm

however it tends to inhibit the differentiation of neural tube cells into motor neurones

21
Q

what part of the neural tube develops into the brain

A

the anterior region

22
Q

what are the future forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

the primary vesicles

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

respectively

23
Q

how many secondary vesicles and how are they created (week 5)

A

from 3 primary vesicles they become 5

the superior prosencephalon divides into two and the inferior rhombencephalon divides into two

24
Q

what becomes the cerebral hemispheres at 5 weeks?

A

the telencephalon

25
Q

what does the lower region of the forebrain become?

A

the diencephalon made of the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and sub thalamus

26
Q

what does the hindbrain divide into at 5 weeks?

A

pons and medulla

27
Q

what does the neural canal become at 8 weeks?

A

it becomes smaller relative to wall and becomes the ventricular system

28
Q

what also happens at 8 weeks?

A

the cerebellum begins to develop from the back of the pons

29
Q

what are the 3 flexures that divide the crooked vesicles?

A

cephalic (most anterior)
pontine
cervical

these flexures become more exaggerated during development

30
Q

what is the first thing to happen in the development of the brainstem

A

the development of the 4th ventricle

31
Q

what are the positions of cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem

A

medial- motor
lateral- sensory
in-between - autonomic

32
Q

what are the matters of the brain?

A

inner- white matter
outer- grey matter

(vice versa for spinal cord)

33
Q

where do the nuclei in the grey matter originate from ?

A

inner membrane of the neural tube

34
Q

where do neuroblasts proliferate?

A

inner membrane of neural tube
some stay in the middle and form basal ganglia
some migrate to the outer membrane using radial glial cells which have long processes towards the outer membrane

35
Q

in what pattern does the proliferation and migration of neuroblasts in the cortex occur?

A

in waves up the 6 layers

36
Q

name examples of neuro-developmental disorders

A

schizophrenia- malfunction in development

spina bifida- folic acid deficiency

37
Q

what is regenerational neurobiology?

A

replacing lost neurones involves regulating stem cell differentiation

inducing CNS regeneration involves guidance mechanisms for axons

38
Q

what does the prosencephalon become?

A

forebrain: telencephalon and diencephalon

39
Q

what does the mesencephalon become?

A

midbrain

40
Q

what does the rhombencephalon become?

A

metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)

myelencephalon (medulla)

41
Q

what is the cephalic flexure?

A
  • first to form

- between midbrain and hindbrain

42
Q

what is the cervical flexure?

A

between the brainstem and spinal cord

43
Q

what is the pontine flexure?

A

between the metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) and the myelencephalon (medulla)

LCRS Neuro (19 decks)

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