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Behavioural Neuroscience > Sleep (8) > Flashcards

Sleep (8) Flashcards

1
Q

The study of biological rhythms

A

Chronobiology

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2
Q

Which cycle dominates the human biorhythm?

A

Circadian (daily) rhythm of daylight activity and nocturnal sleep

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3
Q

What are the behaviours associated with biological rhythms driven by?

A

External cues from the environment as well as internal cues (endogenous control)

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4
Q

A neural system that times our behaviours

A

Biological clock

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5
Q

Yearly rhythm (ex. migratory cycles)

A

Circannual

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6
Q

Daily rhythm (ex. human sleeping)

A

Circadian

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7
Q

Rhythm that is less than a day

A

Ultradian

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8
Q

Rhythm that is more than a day

A

Infradian

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9
Q

How would one determine if a behaviour is produced by a biological clock?

A

Observe it in the absence of external cues

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10
Q

Rhythm of the body’s own devising in the absence of all external cues

A

Free-running rhythms

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11
Q

Why would the human circadian rhythm for the sleep-wake cycle become obsolete over time if not for it being reset?

A

The natural sleep-wake rhythm is 25-27 hours, which over time would not correspond to night/day times

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12
Q

A “clock-setting” cue from the environment that resets biological rhythms (ex. light/dark)

A

Zeitgeber

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13
Q

Main pacemaker of circadian rhythms located at the base of the hypothalamus that gives input about the appropriate timing of behaviours

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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14
Q

What would happen to sleep if the SCN is damaged?

A

The total amount of sleep would be maintained but the timing would be off

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15
Q

The SCN receives information about light through this pathway, which extends from the retina through to the SCN

A

Retinohypothalamic pathway

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16
Q

Describe the retinohypothalamic pathway

A

Specialized RGCs become excited when stimulated by light and pass the message passes to the SCN

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17
Q

Describe the role of the SCN in relation to the Circadian Timing System

A

Light entrains the SCN and the SCN then drives a number of slave oscillators, each of which controls the rhythmic occurrence of one other behaviour (through hormone release)

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18
Q

Using recording equipment to measure the electrical activity of the brain and body during sleep

A

Polysomnography

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19
Q

What are the three measures of polysomnography and their uses?

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG - brain activity)
Electromyogram (EMG - muscle activity)
Electrooculogram (EOG - Record of ocular activity)

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20
Q

What are the five sleep stages?

A

W, N1, N2, N3, R-sleep

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21
Q

What are characteristics of the W stage?

A

Beta rhythm (small amplitude, fast frequency waves)
Active EMG and EOG shows eye movement
If relaxed with eyes closed, alpha rhythms are produced

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22
Q

Waves that are 15 to 30 Hz in frequency, indicative of wakefulness

A

Beta rhythm

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23
Q

What are characteristics of the N1 stage?

A

From beta to theta wave activity
EMG is slightly active
EOG largely absent

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24
Q

Waves with low amplitude and mixed frequency

A

Theta waves

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25
Q

Varying behaviour from alertness to drowsiness

A

W (waking)

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26
Q

Behavioural state of a person at sleep onset

A

N1

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27
Q

When a person becomes fully asleep

A

N2

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28
Q

What are characteristics of the N2 stage?

A

Continue to produce theta waves
Sleep spindles are produced
Production of K-complexes

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29
Q

Brief high-frequency bursts

A

Sleep spindles

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30
Q

Deep sleep

A

N3

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31
Q

What are characteristics of the N3 stage?

A

Delta rhythms
EMG still active
No activity with EOG

32
Q

Large amplitude, slow frequency

A

Delta waves

33
Q

What are some characteristics of R-sleep?

A

No activity on EMG
EOG activity returns
Beta rhythms similar to W and N1

34
Q

No muscle activity

A

Atonia

35
Q

A sleep graph of an individual cycling through the
sleep stages over the course of a night

A

Somnogram

36
Q

In which pattern do we experience the sleep stages during a typical night’s sleep?

A

Beginning with W, we proceed through the stages in order, ending with REM. The cycle then proceeds in reverse order, until REM is reached again, replacing W. This pattern continues until W stage is reached again.

37
Q

How often does the sleep cycle repeat?

A

About every 90 minutes

38
Q

What differentiates sleep early in a typical night from later?

A

REM dominates later sleep, whereas N sleep dominates early stages. Body temperature is also lower in early sleep and rises later in the night.

39
Q

Describe how sleep patterns change with age.

A

Overall time asleep gets lower with age

REM sleep is longest in infancy, during growth spurts and during pregnancy.

REM sleep declines into middle age.

40
Q

What are characteristics of NREM sleep that differ from REM sleep?

A

Muscle tone is maintained, movement can occur (teeth grinding, sleep walking)

Body temperature and heart rate drop

Growth hormone release increases

Dreaming can occur but is often less vivid (Lucid dreaming can occur)

41
Q

Uncontrollable leg movement

A

Restless leg syndrome

42
Q

Aware of dreams as we dream them

A

Lucid dreaming

43
Q

What are characteristics of REM sleep that differ from NREM sleep?

A

Eyes move

Erections in males

Mechanisms that regulate body temperature stop

Paralysis and atonia (Only small twitches are possible)

44
Q

Why does atonia occur during REM?

A

Sleep regions of the brainstem send inhibitory signals to motor neurons.

45
Q

What is one theory as to why some twitching still occurs during REM?

A

An involuntary response to keep blood flowing throughout the body at night while we sleep.

46
Q

How does recollection differ between dreams during REM and NREM?

A

People are more likely to indicate that they were experiencing vivid dreams and are more likely to remember them when woken from REM.

47
Q

What is the relationship between time and dreaming?

A

Dreams take place in real-time, in that it takes the same amount of time to perform an activity in a dream as it does in real life.

48
Q

What was Freud’s major theory regarding the content of dreams?

A

Dreams are the symbolic fulfillment of unconscious desires and wishes, often emphasising sexual desires and wishes

49
Q

What was Jung’s major theory regarding the content of dreams?

A

Dreams allow us to relive the memories/history of the human race (our “collective unconscious”)

50
Q

What does current research suggest regarding the content of dreams?

A

Most dreams are related to recent events and ongoing problems (80% recent past, 20% older events)

Calvin Hall et al. demonstrated that dreams occur in response to emotional states and are more likely to involve emotional stress.

51
Q

Explain Hobson’s activation-synthesis hypothesis regarding dreams as meaningless brain activity.

A

When dreaming, the cortex receives signals from the brainstem (producing patterns similar to waking during REM)

The cortex proceeds to generate random images, actions and emotions in response to the excitatory signals, potentially drawing from personal memory

52
Q

Explain why sleep is a biological adaptation.

A

Sleep is an energy-conserving strategy.

53
Q

How does average sleep time vary depending on the type of animal?

A

Herbivores tend to sleep the least (predation, long time collecting food, not very energy-rich)

Carnivores sleep the most (not as subject to predation and more nutrient-rich foods)

Omnivores fall between herbivores and carnivores

54
Q

Why is sleep a restorative process?

A

Chemical processes that provide energy to cells are depleted while awake and replenished during sleep.

55
Q

What are some consequences of interrupted sleep?

A

Issues with attention, reaction times, mood

56
Q

What are two effects of REM sleep deprivation?

A

Subjects take less time than usual to get back to REM sleep

The need for the brain to enter REM sleep increases (REM rebound- almost double the amount of time in REM than normal)

57
Q

What are three consequences of losing REM sleep?

A

Impact our immune system and resistance to disease

Reduce neurogenesis in the hippocampus

Impacts our body’s ability to cope with stress

58
Q

What is the impact of sleep on memory?

A

Helps solidify and organize memories in addition to aiding memory retention

59
Q

Hippocampal neurons, for spatial memory, that fire when one is in a location in an environment that one was previously in

A

Place cells

60
Q

Hormone secreted from the pineal gland of the brain in response to darkness that causes sleepiness

A

Melatonin

61
Q

What evidence suggests that melatonin alone is not responsible for sleep?

A

Sleep behaviour survives the removal of the pineal gland

62
Q

Large reticulum (mixture of cell nuclei and nerve fibers) that runs through the center of the brainstem, associated with both sleeping behavior and our ability to wake up from sleep

A

Reticular Activating System (RAS)/Reticular formation

63
Q

A prolonged state of deep unconsciousness that resembles deep sleep, resulting from damage to the RAS

A

Coma

64
Q

What are the two brainstem nuclei in the ascending pathway of the RAS that influence waking EEG?

A

Basal forebrain nucleus and the median raphe nucleus

65
Q

Contains cholinergic cells and is active when the animal is alert, but not moving

A

Basal forebrain nucleus

66
Q

Contains cholinergic cells and is active when the animal is alert, but not moving

A

Basal forebrain nucleus

67
Q

Contains serotonergic neurons and is active when the animal is moving

A

Median raphe nucleus

68
Q

Part of RAS, cholinergic nucleus in the dorsal brainstem that projects to the medial pontine reticular formation

A

Peribrachial area

69
Q

What is the purpose of the peribrachial area?

A

Initiates REM sleep and REM behaviours (eye movements and emotional content of dreams)

70
Q

Nucleus in the pons participating in REM sleep and REM-related behaviors

A

Medial pontine reticular formation (MPRF)

71
Q

What is the purpose of the MPRF?

A

Produces atonia

72
Q

Disorder of slow-wave sleep resulting in a prolonged inability to fall or stay asleep

A

Insomnia

73
Q

A REM-sleep disorder producing atonia and dreaming when a person is still “awake”, usually after just falling asleep or more commonly right
before waking up

A

Sleep paralysis

74
Q

Slow-wave sleep disorder in which a person uncontrollably falls asleep at inappropriate times

A

Narcolepsy

75
Q

The inability to breathe during sleep causing someone to repeatedly wake up during the night to breathe.

A

Sleep apnea

76
Q

A form of narcolepsy in which an animal suddenly experiences atonia, as if they are in REM, while still awake, sometimes accompanied by hallucinations

A

Cataplexy

Behavioural Neuroscience (8 decks)

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