Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Behavioural Neuroscience > Dementia (10) > Flashcards

Dementia (10) Flashcards

1
Q

Umbrella term describing an acquired set of symptoms affecting brain function that are caused by neurodegenerative and/or vascular diseases/injuries

A

Dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is dementia characterized by?

A

A progressive decline in cognitive abilities that can also affect mood and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What differs MCI from dementia?

A

Cognitive issues are less severe with MCI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A striking impairment in memory (even more so than MCI) and the striking inability to learn new information

A

Amnesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

An abrupt change in mental/emotional/behavioural functioning that results in confused thinking, disorientation and marked alterations in attention

A

Delirium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A cortical dementia characterized by a slow,
progressive loss of cognitive function

A

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three potential causes of AD?

A

Accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques
Presence of neurofibrillary tangles throughout the cortex
Brain atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where does cell loss typically begin and then spread with AD?

A

Usually begins in the temporal lobe/hippocampus and then progresses to the frontal and parietal regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 4 main risk factors of AD?

A

Advancing age
Women
Lower education/occupational levels
Genetic predisposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 4 steps often undergone when diagnosing AD?

A

Medical and family history
Ask family or close friend about observed changes
Cognitive testing
Blood tests and neuroimaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are five temporal symptoms of AD?

A

Progressive memory loss that disrupts daily life
Misplacing things
Initial word finding difficulties progressing to anomia
Impaired comprehension
Losing the ability to retrace their steps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are 7 parietal/frontal symptoms of AD?

A

Difficulties in planning or solving problems
Decreased/poor judgement
Withdrawal from work or social activities
Changes in mood and personality (apathy, depression)
Decreased awareness/concern of their deficits
Delusional thinking can occur later in the disease
Confusion with person, place, or time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two subtypes of Lewey Body Dementias (LBD)?

A

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Abnormal clumps of protein deposit buildup that interfere
with cellular processes

A

Lewy bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three core features of LBD?

A

Fluctuating cognitive symptoms, particularly in attention and
alertness

Visual hallucinations and psychotic symptoms

Parkinsonism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which 5 elements differentiate LBD from AD?

A

Visual hallucinations

REM sleep disorders

More impaired on measures of attention, visual distractibility, and mental shifting

Milder memory impairments

At autopsy, there is less, if any, cerebral atrophy

17
Q

What differentiates DLB from PDD?

A

DLB: Lewy bodies present primarily in the cortex (“cortical dementia”), cognitive symptoms before motor symptoms

PDD: Lewy bodies primarily in the basal ganglia (“subcortical dementia”, motor symptoms before cognitive symptoms

18
Q

A group of neurodegenerative disorders resulting from progressive degeneration of the temporal and frontal
lobe

A

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD)

19
Q

What is FTD characterized by?

A

Progressive disturbances in language, behaviour/personality, and “other” (motor disorders).

20
Q

What contrasts FTD with AD?

A

The risk does not seem to increase with age, and it
impacts males and females equally

21
Q

A form of FTD characterized by progressive changes in personality, issues with social conduct, emotional
blunting and/or loss of empathy, disinhibition, difficulty seeing the point of view of others, hypersexuality, impulsivity, repetitive motor behaviours and possible language impairment

A

Behavioural Varian FTD (bvFTD) or Pick’s disease

22
Q

Difficulty in planning the movements of the lips and tongue
needed for speech

A

Apraxia of speech (verbal apraxia)

23
Q

What is PPA (Nonfluent/agrammatic) characterized by?

A

Apraxia of speech

24
Q

What is PPA (semantic) characterized by?

A

A loss of word meaning/object knowledge and poor word comprehension, especially for nouns

25
Q

What are the two core features of PPA (Logopenic)?

A

Impaired repetition
Impaired single-word retrieval

26
Q

What are the three categories of FTD motor variants?

A

FTD-ALS/Motor neuron disease
Corticobasal syndrome
Progressive supranuclear palsy

27
Q

What 5 symptoms characterize FTD-ALS?

A

bvFTD symptoms often noticed before the motor symptoms
Muscle weakness
Muscle atrophy
Involuntary muscle twitches
Dysarthria/dysphagia

28
Q

What 5 symptoms characterize corticobasal syndrome?

A

bvFTD symptoms
Limb apraxia resulting in clumsiness
Rigidity and involuntary limb contractions
Alien limb
Acalculi

29
Q

What 6 symptoms characterize progressive supranuclear palsy?

A

Behavioural symptoms
Gaze issues (inability to look down)
Postural and gait instability
Bradykinesia or complete akinesia
Rigidity
Dysphagia/dysarthria

30
Q

A large group of dementias due to impaired blood flow to the brain, Typically a result of recurrent cerebrovascular dysfunction, which builds up over time leading to permanent changes in brain structure/function

A

Vascular dementia (VaD)

31
Q

What characterizes VaD?

A

Cognitive impairment is progressive (as opposed to acute like a single stroke)
Seems to disproportionately impact the frontal lobe

32
Q

What are two main types of VaD?

A

Multi-infarct dementia (results from multiple/recurrent large vessel strokes)

Subcortical ischemic VaD (acquired stenosis or blockage of small vessels)

33
Q

Dementia due to metabolic/toxic changes in the body

A

Toxic-metabolic dementia

34
Q

A form of toxic-metabolic dementia characterized by a global decline in cognition due to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol on the brain (inflammation, excitotoxicity) which results in extensive brain atrophy/neuronal loss (particularly of the frontal lobes)

A

Alcohol-related dementia (ARD)

35
Q

A form of toxic-metabolic dementia caused by severe thiamine deficiency (Vitamin B1) due to poor nutrition and chronic alcoholism, characterized by a profound memory dysfunction with marked anterograde amnesia and an inability to learn new information

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

36
Q

A form of toxic-metabolic dementia featuring acute demyelination/atrophy/destruction of the corpus
callosum

A

Marchifava-Bignami disease

37
Q

A result of transmissible misfolded proteins, that then go on to signal normal, healthy proteins in the brain to become misfolded as well causing extreme degenerative tissue damage characterized by the presence of spongiform changes (holes) resulting in neuronal death

A

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

38
Q

Progressive dementia as a result of repeated head trauma

A

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

Behavioural Neuroscience (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions