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Sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different ways we measure sleep?

A

EEG (brain)
EMG (muscle)
EOG (eye movement)

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2
Q

What type of waves is wakefulness characterized by?

A

Short and spiky alpha and beta waves.

The shortness of spikes means there’s a lot of diff. activity going on.

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3
Q

What type of waves is SWS characterized by?

A

Big slow delta waves

Synchronized Theta waves

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4
Q

What type of waves is REM characterized by?

A

Like we’re awake

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5
Q

How long is the ultradian cycle during sleep and wakefulness?

A

90-120 mins of periods of activity and quiesence

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6
Q

What’s the difference bw alpha and beta waves during our awake state?

A

Alpha waves is lower frequencies (spikes per second) and higher amplitude. Alpha is long and not as spiky.
-Zoning out

Beta waves are higher frequencies, and lower amplitude. Beta is short and spiky.
-Alert and active

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7
Q

Describe stage 1 of SWS.

A

Stage 1 - Theta waves; transition between wake and sleep

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8
Q

Describe stage 2 of SWS.

A

Stage 2 - Sleep spindle; Theta waves are starting look more like Delta waves with high amplitude, low frequency, aka K complexes- signals onset of true sleep.

-Shallow breathing, temperature

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9
Q

If someone wakes you up during stage 2 sleep, what will you say?

A

You will say that you were awake the whole time.

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10
Q

Describe stage 3 of SWS.

What happens if you are awakened?

A

Deep sleep - unresponsive to noises.

If awaken, you will be groggy and disoriented.

Theta waves major
Delta waves minor (under 50%)

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11
Q

What’s the difference between the waves in stage 3 and stage 4 sleep?

A

Difference between 3 and 4 is proportion of Delta waves. In stage 4, delta waves make up over 50%.

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12
Q

Describe stage 4 of SWS.

A

Delta waves; over 50%.

If awakened, groggy and confused.

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13
Q

What type of stimuli will you be responsive to in REM sleep?

A

Relevant stimuli like your name or door opening.

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14
Q

When is the first episode of REM sleep?

A

Around 90 minutes in.

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15
Q

Describe the EEG, EOG, and EMG readings during REM sleep.

A

EEG - Resembles waking
EOG - Eye movement
EMG - Muscle’s flat

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16
Q

What part of the brain is very active during REM sleep? What isn’t ask active?

A

Occipital lobe - Low levels of oxygen to frontal lobe; explains why our dreams are vivid but don’t make no damn sense.

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17
Q

If we are losing out on sleep, what is it usually?

A

After 4 hours, it’s usually REM sleep.

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18
Q

Do we get more REM sleep as infants or as adults?

How about as a toddler?

Adolescent?

Adulthood?

A

Equal time in REM and SWS.

As a toddler, we decrease REM sleep, same SWS.

Adolescent, REM and SWS is lost.

Adults need less sleep; REM remains constant.

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19
Q

How does our body mark the rhythm and time?

A

Via the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus - the body’s “master clock” located in the Hypothalamus.

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20
Q

What is the function of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus?

A

It marks time and sends signals to other glands and bladder; areas the control other functions.

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21
Q

How does the SCN mark time? Where does it get information from?

A

It gets information from our eyes - retinas - the retinohypathalamic pathways and projects light information to the SCN.

The retina contains melanopsin- sensitive to light levels.

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22
Q

Why is sunlight dubbed a zeitgeiber? Define zeitgeiber.

A

Sunlight affects the activity of the SCN; The SCN is entrained to the day-night cycle by zeitgeibers or “timegivers” - helps us keep track of time

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23
Q

What is the proof that external cues, or zeitgebers, affects out circadian rhythm?

A

Our circadian rhythm appears to be 25 hours - cave experiments, sailors in submarines; etc.

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24
Q

What do we do with the information that the SCN gives us?

A

It tells us how light it is outside - what we do with that information depends on our species; ie, bats are nocturnal and will sleep during light, while we stay awake during light.

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25
Q

How does SCN keep time; How does light reset its cycle in the morning?

A

The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus produces 3 proteins: per, tim, and clock.

Per and tim inhibit clock
Clock increases per and tim

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26
Q

When per and tim levels are high, what does this mean?

A

When per and tim levels are high, they inhibit the levels of clock - and concentration of clock falls.

As clock’s levels falls, it stops promoting the production of per and tim.

Then, per and tim’s concentration begin to fall.

As per and tim’s concentration begin to fall, clock’s concentration begins to rise.

As clock’s concentration rises, it causes per and tim’s levels to rise.

As per and tim’s level rises, clock’s levels fall; etc.

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27
Q

What is lights contribution to per and tim?

A

Light inhibits the production of per and time.

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28
Q

What promotes per and tim’s levels?

What inhibits per and tim’s levels?

A

Clock promotes per and tim’s levels

Light inhibits per and tim’s levels.

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29
Q

How does light reset our sleep cycle every morning?

A

When light levels are high (in the morning), per and tim are inhibited, but clock is high, and then increases the production of per and tim…

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30
Q

What hormone does the SCN regulate?

A

Melatonin - induces sleepiness.

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31
Q

How do some blind people show normal circadian rhythms?

A

Because the retina cells in the retinohypothalamic pathways are active - or because they have damage to occipital cortex.

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32
Q

What is Glutamate’s role in sleep?

A

It is the NT of the retinohypathalamic tract - it inhibits melatonin production.

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33
Q

What helps us wake out of sleep?

A

Cortisol - it peaks when we wake up.

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34
Q

The dolphins who sleep 1 hemisphere at a time proves what?

A

That sleep controlling chemical isn’t in the blood…

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35
Q

What is GABA’s contribution to sleep?

A

GABA = Inhibitory; When the brain is bathed in GABA, we see Delta waves in a specific part of the brain.

Drug’s that act on GABA receptors like benzodiazepines (xanax) are used to treat insomnia.

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36
Q

What is Adenosine’s contribution to sleep?

A

Antagonist to caffeine… adenosine receptors are everywhere and is part of the metabolism process due to glycogen (muscles love to eat glycogen!)

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37
Q

What are the brain areas and neurotransmitters that are important for wakefulness and sleepiness?

A

Wakefulness:
1. Pedunculopontine - Acethylcholine

  1. Basal forebrain - Acethylcholine
  2. Locus Coeruleus - Norepinephrine
  3. Raphe nuclei - Serotonin
  4. Tuberomamillary nucleus - Histamine
  5. LH - Hypocretin/Orexin
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38
Q

Where is hypocretin produced?

Where does it project to?

What is hypocretins function?

A

Hypocretin is produced in the lateral hypothalamus.

It projects to the locus coeruleus, raphae nuclei, tuberomamillary nucleus, dorsal pons, basal forebrain; etc…

It functions to activate the brain areas that wake up the brain.

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39
Q

What does degeneration of hypocretin neurons do?

A

It produces narcolepsy in humans and animals.

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40
Q

Match the NT to the following brain areas:

Acethylcholine

5-HT

Histamine

Hypocretin

A

Acethylcholine - Basal forebrain

Serotonin - Raphae nucleus

Histamine - Locus Coeruleus

Hypocretin - Lateral Hypothalamus

41
Q

What is the VLPA?

A

The ventral lateral preoptic area - Active when we are asleep and suppresses the “awake” areas

42
Q

What is the “flip-flop” circuit referring to?

Where does hypocretin fit into this circuit?

A

All the awake area inhibit VLPA and the VLPA inhibit all of those areas in return…

Hypocretin is the switch that flips VLPA to awake = so when hypocretin is awake, it stimulates the other areas, and the other areas will inhibit the VLPA… if hypocretin is inactive = VLPA is active, making us sleepy.

43
Q

What is the chemical that accumulates while we are awake and helps us to sleep?

How does this fit into the flip flop circuit?

A

Adenosine builds up and blocks the effects of hypocretin neurons.

44
Q

What are PGO waves?

A

PGO - pons to thalamus to occipital lobes… this is the onset of REM.

45
Q

What are the neural circuits that control features of REM sleep?

A

Parabrachial area –> MPRF –> basal forebrain (EEG waves), medulla (eye twitches), and magnocellularis (spinal paralysis)

46
Q

Why do we assume sleep is an adaptive process?

A
  • cannot voluntarily stop doing

- costly

47
Q

What is some evidence that REM sleep is important for learning?

A
  • infants
  • gifted students
  • finals time
48
Q

What type of sleep do we get most during the first half of the night?

A

Stages 3 and 4

49
Q

When are melatonin levels the highest?

A

Night
SWS - coincides with intense physical workouts
Cortisol - wakes us up

50
Q

What inhibits the build up of per and time?

A

Light

51
Q

Why are zeitgeibers important?

Why do we need zeitgebers?

A

They reset the clock.

We need to reset our clocks because of our odd circadian cycle.

52
Q

Hypocretin is the master of what?

A

The master of all the arousal areas of the brain - wakes us up!

53
Q

What is the area in the brain that produces sleep?

Where is it located?

What NT does it contain?

A

VLPA - ventrolateral preoptic area -

Located in the lateral hypothalamus

Contains the GABA neurons that project to the tuberomammillary nucleus, dorsal pons; etc… all the arousal areas of the brain.

In turn, it receives inhibitory inputs from these areas (reciprocal inhibition or the flip-flop circuit)

54
Q

What is the flip-flop circuit?

A

When we are awake, the arousal areas are active and sending inhibitory projections to the VLPA, so that the VLPA cannot inhibit the arousal areas.

If you’re sleeping, the VLPA is active and inhibits the arousal areas, the areas cannot inhibit the VLPA.

55
Q

How do we flip from being awake to asleep and vice versa? What is the on and off switch on the flip flop circuit?

A

Hypocretin is the switch.

It is an independent, strong woman that don’t need no VLPA. Doesn’t receive any input from other areas.

56
Q

The hypocretin is active; the arousal area is _______ and the VLPA is ________.

A

If hypocretin is active; the arousal area is active and the VLPA is inactive.

57
Q

When hypocretin is inactive; the arousal areas are ______ and the VLPA is ______ and can ______ other areas.

A

When hypocretin is inactive; the arousal areas are inactive and the VLPA is active and can inhibit other areas.

58
Q

Activation of hypocretin would kick the circuit to “wake” or “sleep”?

A

Wake

59
Q

What’s faulty in people with narcolepsy?

A

Hypocretin

60
Q

How does adenosine contribute to our sleepiness state?

A

Adenosine inhibits neurons in the Acetylcholine neurons in the basal forebrain.

So when we build up Adenosine levels from thinking and using our brain a bunch, it increases the basal forebrain neurons.

61
Q

Adenosine inhibits the ___________ in the basal forebrain, which in turn inhibits the VLPA, and the VLPA becomes more _________ and we start getting tired.

A

Adenosine inhibits the acetylcholine in the basal forebrain, which in turn inhibits the VLPA, and the VLPA gets more active and we start getting more sleepy.

62
Q

How do we build up adenosine?

A

By just being awake and thinking… we get tired eventually due to high levels of adenosine because of it’s effects on acetylcholine (decrease major arousal pathway).

63
Q

What is the signal in an EEG that we are in REM sleep?

What type of “waves” do we see in REM?

A

The onset of PGO waves - alpha and beta activity starts in the Pons, to the lateral Geniculate nucleus, then to the Occipital cortex.

64
Q

What are the important areas of the brain that are important for REM sleep?

A

Parabrachial Area - initiates REM through MPRF.

The MPRF (medial pontine reticular formation) produces the characteristics (eye twitching, waves, paralysis) of REM.

65
Q

If someone was legioned in the parabrachial area, what will they NOT have:

Stage 1 sleep
Stage 4 sleep
REM sleep

A

REM sleep

66
Q

What does the MPRF, or the medial pontine reticular formation do in terms of sleep?

A

*Reticular formation goes from the medulla to the tectum!

The MPRF activates the basal forebrain, which produces the frequency and amplitude.

MPRF activates motor areas in medulla = eye twitches

MPRF inhibits spinal motor neuron = atonia

67
Q

What NT and brain areas INHIBIT REM sleep?

A

Serotonin = Raphae Nuclei

Norepineprine = Locus Coeruleus

68
Q

Which of the following have REM sleep:

  • Fish
  • Monkeys
  • Reptiles
  • Birds
A

Monkeys (mammals) and Birds!

69
Q

Why is sleep an expensive behavior?

A
  • Vulnerable

- Expensive because we aren’t finding good or mates…

70
Q

What are some evolutionary theories as to why we sleep?

A
  • Saving energy by not searching for mates and food at hard to see night.
  • Hiding from predators, shit that wants to eat us
  • We find more calories and mates in the morning and allocate our caloric output more efficiently.

Restorative - regeneration of cognition

71
Q

What is the adaptive hypothesis of sleep?

Do carnivores sleep more or herbivores?

A

Amount of sleep an animal gets depends on availability of food and safety - are they prey or predator?

Carnivores sleep more - lions sleep more than cows.

72
Q

Loss of sleep will affect who more:

weight lifter or tennis player

A

Tennis player

73
Q

The more mentally active I am, where will I spend more time in sleep the following night:

REM or SWS?

A

SWS

74
Q

If I spend more time watching movies, which part of my brain will spend more time in _____ sleep?

A

Occipital lobe; more time in SWS sleep.

75
Q

Children with disturbed pattern on what type of sleep show a stunted growth?

A

Toddlerhood and elementary school kids; SWS - disruption in growth hormone.

76
Q

What are the functions of SWS sleep?

A
  • Resting the brain (increased mental activity leads to increased levels of stage 4 sleep)
  • Rest and repair body
  • Cooling the brain - the hotter the brain; longer time in SWS. Glucose makes our brain HOT!
77
Q

What are the functions of REM sleep?

A
  • Brain development (infants for example)
  • Learning - the more you learn, the more time in REM. Hence why ppl dream so much around finals… much wow, much learning!
78
Q

REM is important for ______ information.

A

REM is important for consolidating information.

79
Q

What is REM and SWS rebound effect?

A

If deprived of either sleep,

80
Q

Does extreme physical activities induce more SWS?

A

No we do not.

81
Q

Why is it better to just stay up rather than get just 2 hours of sleep?

A

We will be in SWS - it won’t help us consolidate any of the information.

82
Q

What is the best napping schedule:

15 minutes
30 minutes
60 minutes
90 minutes+

A

90 minutes+ - this way, we get a full sleep cycle

83
Q

What characteristics do we have in REM dreams?

A

REM:

  • Narrative
  • Less emotional

SWS:
-Negative Emotions

84
Q

What does the reverse-learning hypothesis theorize about dreaming?

A

-dreaming helps us to forget irrelevant information

85
Q

What is the difference between Dyssomnias and Parasomnias?

Provide examples.

A

Dyssomnias = trouble with sleep itself; ex: Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea

Parasomnias = trouble during sleep; ex: Nightmares, terror, sleep talk/walk…

86
Q

Melissa has bad night terrors- what type of sleep disorder is she exhibiting?

A

Night terrors - Parasomnia.

87
Q

What are the characteristics of sleep termination insomnia and sleep onset insomnia?

A

sleep termination = people whose sleep is terminated early

sleep on-set = cannot get to sleep

88
Q

What defines insomnia:

a. how long you sleep
b. how long you’re awake
c. how you feel
d. how little you’ve slept

A

c. how you feel; if you feel tired, irritable, can’t think means you have insomnia!

89
Q

Narcoleptic people go straight into what stage of sleep?

A

REM sleep

90
Q

What could be possible abnormalities that cause narcolepsy?

A

Hypocretin system dysfunctions = issues with narcolepsy

91
Q

What’s the correlation between people with narcolepsy and eating disorders and hypocretin receptors?

A

positive correlations with people with eating disorders and narcolepsy due to dysfunctional hypocretin/orexin receptors.

92
Q

What are some treatments for narcolepsy?

A
  • Ritalin
  • Hypocretin

Antidepressants

  • Norepinephrine
  • Seratonin
93
Q

What are symptoms of narcolepsy?

A
  • Sleep attack
  • Cataplexy (atonia) without loss of consciousness
  • Sleep paralysis
  • Hallucinations
94
Q

Is sleepwalking an example of a parasomnia or dyssomnia?

A

Parasomnia

95
Q

Why would someone be pissed that you woke them up during sleepwalking?

A

Because they are in a deep stage of SWS

96
Q

When does night terror occur? What are symptoms of night terror?

A

night terror=SWS; creates feelings of dread.

97
Q

Which of the following would cause someone to kick and injure themselves or their partners?

a. sleepwalking
b. night terrors
c. REM sleep behavior disorder
d. narcolepsy

And why?

A

c. REM sleep behavior

Because they lack the atonia and are physically active during sleep

98
Q

What is the best treatment for REM sleep behavior disorder?

A

Benzodiazepines - clonazepam

99
Q

Define sleep:

A

It is a different state of consciousness along a continuum of consciousness

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