Sleep

Question 1

EEG

Answer 1

recording of the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex

Question 2

EEG is caused by

Answer 2

graded potentials and electrochemical signaling between neurons

Question 3

EEG and Diagnosis

Answer 3

damaged cortical tissue, brain death

Question 4

Alpha wave

Answer 4

rhythmic, 8-13 Hz, low voltage, awake but resting

Question 5

Beta waves

Answer 5

low voltage, higher frequencies 14-50 Hz, awake and concentrating

Question 6

Theta waves

Answer 6

low frequency, higher voltage, children and frustrated adults or sleep stage 2-4 slow wave and bursts in REM

Question 7

Theta wave location in children

Answer 7

parietal and temporal areas

Question 8

Delta waves

Answer 8

low frequency, HIGH voltage, coma, Sleep 3-4 slow wave

Question 9

The waking state

Answer 9

behaviorally: relaxed inactive to very active
EEG: alpha to beta waves depending on attentiveness

Question 10

Stage 1 of sleep

Answer 10

transitional stage between drowsy and light sleep; alpha waves predominate and transition to mixed frequency waves

Question 11

Stage 2 of sleep

Answer 11

theta low voltage and mixed frequency waves, sleep spindles and K complexes; light sleep

Question 12

Sleep spindles

Answer 12

bursts of alpha rhythms during sleep stage 2

Question 13

K complex

Answer 13

single large biphasic deflection during sleep stage 2

Question 14

Stage 3 of sleep

Answer 14

Delta waves 20-50%; deep sleep

Question 15

Stage 4 of sleep

Answer 15

Delta waves 50%; deep sleep

Question 16

Slow rolling movement of eyes

Answer 16

occurs during stage 1, relatively motionless for remainder of stages

Question 17

REM

Answer 17

deepest sleep, beta waves predominate, rapid-eye movements, irregular HR and RR, dreaming

Question 18

New Sleep Nomenclature

Answer 18

W, N1/N2, N3, R (wake, light sleep, deep sleep, REM)

Question 19

Sleep Architcture

Answer 19

patterns of sleep cycles

Question 20

Stages 3-4 are most likely during

Answer 20

first few hours of sleep

Question 21

REM is most likely during

Answer 21

morning hours of sleep

Question 22

Age and sleep architecture

Answer 22

sleep time decreases, REM percentage decreases from 50% in newborns to 20% adults

Question 23

Skeletal muscle

Answer 23

activity declines during slow-wave sleep, during REM, eye movements are rapid but most muscles are inhibited, occasional escape from inhibition results in twitching and altered RR

Question 24

CV system

Answer 24

decrease in BP, HR, and RR occurs in slow-wave sleep, REM is associated with large oscillations and increases

Question 25

Heart attacks are most common during what time

Answer 25

5-6 am during REM

Question 26

Growth Hormones

Answer 26

pulsatile release during slow-waves, primarily stage 3-4

Question 27

Prolactin

Answer 27

entirely during sleep, in morning hours

Question 28

Cortisol

Answer 28

minimum in early sleep, peaks at end of sleep

Question 29

TSH

Answer 29

peaks at onset of sleep and declines during sleep

Question 30

LH

Answer 30

increases during sleep

Question 31

FSH

Answer 31

increases during sleep

Question 32

Body temperature

Answer 32

lowest at slow wave sleep in early morning hours

Question 33

REM importance

Answer 33

physical changes necessary for memory consolidation

Question 34

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus

Answer 34

basic circadian rhythm based on inputs from the retina producing melatonin

Question 35

Arousal

Answer 35

Cholinergic neurons --> thalamic nuclei and adrenergic neurons --> cerebral cortex

Question 36

Arousal

Answer 36

peptidergic neurons of the hypothalamus (orexin and melanin) activate thalamic nuclei

Question 37

Reticular Activating System

Answer 37

arousal system in the brainstem (Raphe Nucleus)

Question 38

Amphetamines act on

Answer 38

Reticular Activating System to promote arousal and decrease sleep

Question 39

Sleep center

Answer 39

preoptic nucleus; inhibitory GABA containing neurons

Question 40

Orexin

Answer 40

neurons in the lateral hypothalamus activate arousal areas

Question 41

Histamine

Answer 41

posterior hypothalamus project to RAS and promote wakefulness

Question 42

Anti-histamines

Answer 42

drowsy due to inhibition of histaminergic neurons

Question 43

REM promoting areas

Answer 43

pontine tegmentum and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter

Question 44

Sleep promoting factors

Answer 44

PGD2, VIP, DSIP, CCK, ADH, Melatonin

Question 45

Wakeful promoting factors

Answer 45

PGE2, Hypocretins, orexins

Question 46

DIMS

Answer 46

disorders initiating or maintaining sleep common in children

Question 47

Insomnia

Answer 47

difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, going back to sleep

Question 48

DOES

Answer 48

Disorders of excessive somnolence

Question 49

Narcolepsy

Answer 49

DOES; sudden shift from awake to REM accompanied by cataplexy; loss of hypocretin producing cells

Question 50

Cataplexy

Answer 50

a sudden loss of muscle tone or paralysis

Question 51

Dysomnias

Answer 51

disturbance to normal circadian rhythm

Question 52

Parasomnias

Answer 52

behaviors that occur during sleep (nightmares, sleep walking)

Question 53

Nightmares

Answer 53

Nightmares occur during REM

Question 54

Night terrors

Answer 54

scared "FEELING" that occurs during slow-wave sleep, wakens abruptly screaming and incoherent

Question 55

Sleepwalking

Answer 55

complex motor behaviors during slow-wave

Question 56

REM Sleep Disorder

Answer 56

Skeletal muscle inhibition is absent so dreams are acted out

Question 57

Pseudoinsomnia

Answer 57

sleeps okay, but dreams they cannot sleep

Question 58

Snoring

Answer 58

inhaled air vibrates relaxed tissue of the throat

Question 59

Sleep Apnea

Answer 59

frequent periodic breathing pauses during sleep

Question 60

Obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 60

physical blockage of airway due to collapse of soft tissue at rear of throat

Question 61

Central sleep apnea

Answer 61

skeletal muscle inhibition during REM extends to inhibition of respiratory muscles

Question 62

Restless Leg Syndrome & Periodic Limb Movement Disorder

Answer 62

pins and needles around bedtime leading to vigorous movement of limbs; repetitive movements of the toe/foot/knee

Question 63

Effect sof sleep deprivation

Answer 63

weight gain, cognitive decline, mood swings, depression

Question 64

Sleep promoting

Answer 64

Alcohol, hypnotics (sleeping pills), antihistamines, DSIP

Question 65

Sleep Inhibiting

Answer 65

Caffeine, Steroids, opiates, Vitamin B, Cocaine/amphetamines, narcolepsy drugs