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Neuro Unit 5 > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

EEG

A

recording of the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex

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2
Q

EEG is caused by

A

graded potentials and electrochemical signaling between neurons

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3
Q

EEG and Diagnosis

A

damaged cortical tissue, brain death

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4
Q

Alpha wave

A

rhythmic, 8-13 Hz, low voltage, awake but resting

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5
Q

Beta waves

A

low voltage, higher frequencies 14-50 Hz, awake and concentrating

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6
Q

Theta waves

A

low frequency, higher voltage, children and frustrated adults or sleep stage 2-4 slow wave and bursts in REM

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7
Q

Theta wave location in children

A

parietal and temporal areas

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8
Q

Delta waves

A

low frequency, HIGH voltage, coma, Sleep 3-4 slow wave

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9
Q

The waking state

A

behaviorally: relaxed inactive to very active
EEG: alpha to beta waves depending on attentiveness

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10
Q

Stage 1 of sleep

A

transitional stage between drowsy and light sleep; alpha waves predominate and transition to mixed frequency waves

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11
Q

Stage 2 of sleep

A

theta low voltage and mixed frequency waves, sleep spindles and K complexes; light sleep

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12
Q

Sleep spindles

A

bursts of alpha rhythms during sleep stage 2

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13
Q

K complex

A

single large biphasic deflection during sleep stage 2

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14
Q

Stage 3 of sleep

A

Delta waves 20-50%; deep sleep

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15
Q

Stage 4 of sleep

A

Delta waves 50%; deep sleep

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16
Q

Slow rolling movement of eyes

A

occurs during stage 1, relatively motionless for remainder of stages

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17
Q

REM

A

deepest sleep, beta waves predominate, rapid-eye movements, irregular HR and RR, dreaming

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18
Q

New Sleep Nomenclature

A

W, N1/N2, N3, R (wake, light sleep, deep sleep, REM)

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19
Q

Sleep Architcture

A

patterns of sleep cycles

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20
Q

Stages 3-4 are most likely during

A

first few hours of sleep

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21
Q

REM is most likely during

A

morning hours of sleep

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22
Q

Age and sleep architecture

A

sleep time decreases, REM percentage decreases from 50% in newborns to 20% adults

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23
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

activity declines during slow-wave sleep, during REM, eye movements are rapid but most muscles are inhibited, occasional escape from inhibition results in twitching and altered RR

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24
Q

CV system

A

decrease in BP, HR, and RR occurs in slow-wave sleep, REM is associated with large oscillations and increases

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25
Q

Heart attacks are most common during what time

A

5-6 am during REM

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26
Q

Growth Hormones

A

pulsatile release during slow-waves, primarily stage 3-4

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27
Q

Prolactin

A

entirely during sleep, in morning hours

28
Q

Cortisol

A

minimum in early sleep, peaks at end of sleep

29
Q

TSH

A

peaks at onset of sleep and declines during sleep

30
Q

LH

A

increases during sleep

31
Q

FSH

A

increases during sleep

32
Q

Body temperature

A

lowest at slow wave sleep in early morning hours

33
Q

REM importance

A

physical changes necessary for memory consolidation

34
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus

A

basic circadian rhythm based on inputs from the retina producing melatonin

35
Q

Arousal

A

Cholinergic neurons –> thalamic nuclei and adrenergic neurons –> cerebral cortex

36
Q

Arousal

A

peptidergic neurons of the hypothalamus (orexin and melanin) activate thalamic nuclei

37
Q

Reticular Activating System

A

arousal system in the brainstem (Raphe Nucleus)

38
Q

Amphetamines act on

A

Reticular Activating System to promote arousal and decrease sleep

39
Q

Sleep center

A

preoptic nucleus; inhibitory GABA containing neurons

40
Q

Orexin

A

neurons in the lateral hypothalamus activate arousal areas

41
Q

Histamine

A

posterior hypothalamus project to RAS and promote wakefulness

42
Q

Anti-histamines

A

drowsy due to inhibition of histaminergic neurons

43
Q

REM promoting areas

A

pontine tegmentum and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter

44
Q

Sleep promoting factors

A

PGD2, VIP, DSIP, CCK, ADH, Melatonin

45
Q

Wakeful promoting factors

A

PGE2, Hypocretins, orexins

46
Q

DIMS

A

disorders initiating or maintaining sleep common in children

47
Q

Insomnia

A

difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, going back to sleep

48
Q

DOES

A

Disorders of excessive somnolence

49
Q

Narcolepsy

A

DOES; sudden shift from awake to REM accompanied by cataplexy; loss of hypocretin producing cells

50
Q

Cataplexy

A

a sudden loss of muscle tone or paralysis

51
Q

Dysomnias

A

disturbance to normal circadian rhythm

52
Q

Parasomnias

A

behaviors that occur during sleep (nightmares, sleep walking)

53
Q

Nightmares

A

Nightmares occur during REM

54
Q

Night terrors

A

scared “FEELING” that occurs during slow-wave sleep, wakens abruptly screaming and incoherent

55
Q

Sleepwalking

A

complex motor behaviors during slow-wave

56
Q

REM Sleep Disorder

A

Skeletal muscle inhibition is absent so dreams are acted out

57
Q

Pseudoinsomnia

A

sleeps okay, but dreams they cannot sleep

58
Q

Snoring

A

inhaled air vibrates relaxed tissue of the throat

59
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

frequent periodic breathing pauses during sleep

60
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea

A

physical blockage of airway due to collapse of soft tissue at rear of throat

61
Q

Central sleep apnea

A

skeletal muscle inhibition during REM extends to inhibition of respiratory muscles

62
Q

Restless Leg Syndrome & Periodic Limb Movement Disorder

A

pins and needles around bedtime leading to vigorous movement of limbs; repetitive movements of the toe/foot/knee

63
Q

Effect sof sleep deprivation

A

weight gain, cognitive decline, mood swings, depression

64
Q

Sleep promoting

A

Alcohol, hypnotics (sleeping pills), antihistamines, DSIP

65
Q

Sleep Inhibiting

A

Caffeine, Steroids, opiates, Vitamin B, Cocaine/amphetamines, narcolepsy drugs

Neuro Unit 5 (6 decks)

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