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Neuro Unit 5 > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

NS acquires new info

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2
Q

Memory

A

mechanism of storage and retrieval of that information

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3
Q

Non-associative Learning

A

exposure once or repeatedly to stimuli to learn about stimulus

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4
Q

Types of Non-associative Learning

A

Habituation and Sensitization

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5
Q

Associative Learning

A

Formation of associations among stimuli and/or responses

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6
Q

Types of associative learning

A

Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning

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7
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

novel stimulus (bell) learned to elicit same unconditioned response (salivating) as unconditioned stimulus (food), so that the novel stimulus (bell) elicits a conditioned response (salivating)

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8
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

use of reinforcement or punishment to increase/decrease the likelihood of a behavior

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9
Q

Operant conditioning - reinforcement

A

increases the likelihood of a behavior by presenting a pleasurable stimulus (positive reinforcement) or by removing an averse stimulus (negative reinforcement)

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10
Q

Operant conditioning - punishment

A

decreases the likelihood of a behavior by presenting an averse stimuli (positive punishment) or removing a pleasurable stimuli (negative punishment)

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11
Q

Social Learning/Modeling

A

imitation and observation of role models to understand consequences and learn new behaviors

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12
Q

Cognitive Behaviorism

A

Learning environment based on past experiences influences subsequent learning and performance (expectations, responses, settings)

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13
Q

Explicit Memory

A

conscious memory that is available for recall and can be expressed by language

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14
Q

types of explicit memory

A

Episodic, Semantic, Autobiographical, and spatial

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15
Q

Implicit memory

A

acquired and retrieved at an unconscious level, such as motor behaviors, conditioned reflexes, emotional responses

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16
Q

Sensory Memory

A

ongoing experiences, utilizes unconscious, lasts for fraction of a second

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17
Q

Short-term Memory

A

hold information in consciousness for seconds-minutes (memory buffer)

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18
Q

Intermediate-term Memory

A

Hold information in consciousness for a few hours (cramming)

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19
Q

Long-term Memory

A

Stored for days/weeks/years acquired in the past, dropped from consciousness and revisited later

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20
Q

Memory Consolidation

A

transfer of memories from short–>intermediate–>long term

21
Q

If a memory doesn’t pass through consolidation

A

it will be lost permanently

22
Q

Remembering

A

retrieval of a memory from intermediate or long term, or rehearsal of short term memory

23
Q

Problem with recall

A

difficulty retrieving that memory

24
Q

Memory Mechanisms

A
  1. Need or interest
  2. Motivation to pay attention
  3. Concentration for memorization
  4. Organization for easy retrieval
25
Q

Causes for forgetting

A

lack of need/interest/motivation, lack of attention/concentration, lack of organization

26
Q

Reverberating Circuits in Short-term memory

A

ongoing neural activity maintained via excitatory feedback, memory maintained until neuronal activity is stopped

27
Q

Habituation Physiology of Short-term memory

A

Repetitive stimuli –> decreased Ca channels and influx –> decreased NT –> transient decreased postsynaptic activity–> decreased behavioral response

28
Q

Sensitization Physiology of SHort-term memory

A

Strong stimuli –> Serotonin –> blocked K channels –> Ca influx –> increased NT –> transient increased postsynaptic activity –> increased behavioral response

29
Q

Long-term memory Physiology

A

Increased number of synapses, altered NT release, altered properties of membranes, altered protein expression

30
Q

Long-term Memory and Synaptic Strength

A

Long term potentiation and long term depression contribute to synaptic plasticity

31
Q

Long term potentiation factor

A

lasts for days to weeks for consolidation of short-term memories, in hippocampus, involves change sin presynaptic (increases NT release) neuron and postsynaptic (increased receptor) neuron

32
Q

Long term potentiation factor mechanism

A

NMDA receptors increase on postsynaptic neuron, kinases are activated, alter protein synthesis, change in synaptic structure

33
Q

Explicit Memory is acquired

A

3 polymodal association cortices (prefrontal, limbic, and parieto-occipital-temporal cortices)

34
Q

Explicit information is sent from polymodal cortices to

A

parahippocampal and perirhinal to ENTORHINAL

35
Q

Damage to ENTORHINAL cortex

A

severe damage to explicit memory storage

36
Q

Hippocampal and thalamic nuclei play a role in

A

determining which memories are stored

37
Q

Lesion to the medial temporal lobe

A

long-term storage of new memories interfered

38
Q

Storage of episodic and sematic knowledge occurs in

A

association areas

39
Q

Working Memory

A

prefrontal cortex, temporary storage of info for future actions

40
Q

Implicit memory gained through fear conditioning is stored in

A

amygdala

41
Q

Implicit memory gained through operant conditioning is stored in

A

striatum and cerebellum

42
Q

Hippocampal damage results in impairment of

A

explicit memories, but not implicit

43
Q

Amnesia

A

inability to learn new information or to retrieve information acquired

44
Q

Amnesia patients

A

difficulty with a block of time despite alertness

45
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

inability to remember past events (recent) due to trauma, loss of short-term memories prior to consolidation

46
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

difficulty forming new long-term memories, lesion in temporal lobes (hippocampus)

47
Q

Aging and memory loss

A

due to loss of connections between neurons as we age

48
Q

Dementia

A

impaired memory and cognitive capabilities

Neuro Unit 5 (6 decks)

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