Higher Cortical Functions

Question 1

Association Fibers

Answer 1

Corticocortical fibers connecting ipsilateral hemisphere structures

Question 2

Commissural fibers

Answer 2

Corticocortical fibers connecting contralateral hemisphere structures

Question 3

Lateral fissure of the Left hemisphere

Answer 3

extends farther posterior

Question 4

Lateral fissure of the Right hemisphere

Answer 4

rises more steeply

Question 5

Planum Temporale is

Answer 5

larger on the left side, esp in individuals with “perfect pitch”

Question 6

Planum Temporal location

Answer 6

Superior Temporal gyrus posterior to the primary auditory cortex

Question 7

Asymmetries between right and left side are

Answer 7

present at birth and may indicate genetic importances with regard to LANGUAGE

Question 8

Male brains are less symmetrical and do not have

Answer 8

frontal or occipital poles

Question 9

Female brains tend to have larger

Answer 9

spleniums of corpus callosums

Question 10

Dominant Hemisphere

Answer 10

hemisphere responsible for the comprehension and production of language

Question 11

Right-handed people mainly have _______ dominant hemispheres

Answer 11

LEFT

Question 12

Left-handed people mainly have ______ dominant hemispheres

Answer 12

LEFT

Question 13

Dominant Hemisphere Functions

Answer 13

Language and speech, mathematics, problem solving, and visual sign language

Question 14

Non-dominant Functions

Answer 14

Emotion, artistic ability, simple, spatial relationships, music poetry

Question 15

Wada Test

Answer 15

to determine the dominant hemisphere; if injection of Sodium Amytal is into Carotid of dominant side, patient’s arm opposite to injection will drop and they will stop counting until drug wears off; non-dominant side: counting will resume

Question 16

Broca’s Area

Answer 16

Dominant side for generation of language (area 44-45)

Question 17

Broca’s Location

Answer 17

Opercular and triangular portions of the inferior frontal gyrus

Question 18

Broca’s Function

Answer 18

generation of propositional language - grammar, syntax, semantics

Question 19

Broca’s projects to

Answer 19

primary motor cortex for execution of articulation and phonation of speech

Question 20

Broca’s receives input from

Answer 20

Wernicke’s via superior longitudinal fasciculus

Question 21

Wernicke’s Area

Answer 21

Dominant side for understanding of propositional speech

Question 22

Wernicke’s receives input from

Answer 22

auditory, visual, and somatosensory cortices

Question 23

Sensory Speech area

Answer 23

Wernicke’s

Question 24

Wernicke’s location

Answer 24

superior and middle temporal gyri, posterior to the primary auditory cortex

Question 25

Speech

Answer 25

mechanical aspect of oral communication

Question 26

Hyperphonia

Answer 26

increased volume; auditory problems

Question 27

Hypophonia

Answer 27

decreased volume; basal ganglia disorders or peripheral nerve problems

Question 28

Rate of speech

Answer 28

Normal rate is 100-150 words/minute

Question 29

Broca's aphasia effect on rate of speech

Answer 29

decrease rate

Question 30

Wernicke's aphasia effect on rate of speech

Answer 30

increase rate

Question 31

Dysarthria

Answer 31

slurred speech or slowed speech

Question 32

Paraphasic apeech

Answer 32

interruption of normal flow of speech with inappropriate words or phrases

Question 33

Prosody

Answer 33

the inflection to convey intent of speech (NON-DOMINANT HEMISPHERE)

Question 34

Initiation of speech is controlled by

Answer 34

Supplementary motor area (SMA)

Question 35

Dysarthria

Answer 35

disturbance in articulation due to loss of motor control over peripheral structures, but language ability is retained

Question 36

Flaccid Dysarthria

Answer 36

lesion to brainstem nuclei of peripheral nerve

Question 37

Spastic Dysarthria

Answer 37

lesion to corticobulbar region

Question 38

Ataxic Dysarthria

Answer 38

cerebellar disease

Question 39

Dysphonia

Answer 39

disturbance in vocalization or phonation (loss of voice)

Question 40

Common causes of dysphonia

Answer 40

laryngitis, damage to superior laryngeal nerve, pathology to vocal cords, or laryngeal cancer

Question 41

Simple tic

Answer 41

inarticulate noises or sounds

Question 42

Complex tics

Answer 42

articulate words, phrases, or sentences (Tourette's)

Question 43

Echolalia complex tics

Answer 43

involuntary repetition of the last sound form another person, may be only verbal output

Question 44

Coprolalia

Answer 44

involuntary utterance of socially unacceptable words, phrases

Question 45

Stuttering

Answer 45

involuntary repetition of the 1st syllable (machine-gun like)

Question 46

Stammering

Answer 46

involuntary stutter but followed by prolonged silence

Question 47

Most common stutter

Answer 47

developmental

Question 48

Stuttering my be brought on by

Answer 48

physical or emotional discomfort

Question 49

Stuttering is thought to be the result of

Answer 49

a struggle for cerebral dominance

Question 50

Language

Answer 50

cognitive aspect of symbolic communication

Question 51

6 components to language:

Answer 51

Expressive Speech, Comprehension, Repetition, Naming, Reading, Writing

Question 52

Expressive Speech is analyzed by

Answer 52

spontaneous or conversational speech

Question 53

Comprehension is analyzed by

Answer 53

ordinary conversation, simple or complex commands, yes/no questions, pointing to objects

Question 54

Repetition is analyzed by

Answer 54

repeating numbers, words, or sentences

Question 55

Naming is analyzed by

Answer 55

naming objects

Question 56

Reading assesses

Answer 56

reading out loud and comprehension

Question 57

Writing assesses

Answer 57

dictation and command (also expressive speech)

Question 58

Aphasia definition

Answer 58

language dysfunction caused by neurological disorders