Sleep

Question 1

Why do we sleep?

Answer 1

Most common answers: Energy conservation, predator avoidance, body restoration, memory consolidation

Question 2

What does an EEG do?

Answer 2

measures EPSPS from a population of neurons near the surface of the brain

Question 3

Describe the patterns seen in an EEG reading with their component frequencies

Answer 3

alpha- 8-12 Hz-occur during relaxed wakefullness
beta-12.5-30Hz
theta-4-7Hz-in children OR during meditative, drowsy, sleepy adults
gamma-greater than 30hz
delta-1-4Hz-deep sleep, coma, anesthesia

Question 4

describe stage one sleep

Answer 4

slowing of heart rate, reduction of muscle tension, closed eyes may roll around, usually lasts several minutes. characterized by small amplitude eeg waves orf irregular frequency as well as sharp waves called vertex spikes

Question 5

stage 2 sleep

Answer 5

defined by bursts of sleep spindles (12-14Hz) and k complexes. If awakened most people deny they were asleep

Question 6

sleep spindle

Answer 6

14-18Hz wave seen in stage 2 sleep

Question 7

K complex

Answer 7

sharp negative EEg reading. stage 2 sleep

Question 8

Stage 3 sleep

Answer 8

characterized by large amplitude very slow waves (delta waves). sleep spindles continue as in stage 2. delta waves about once per second

Question 9

stage 4 (otherwise known as stage three late)

Answer 9

similar to stage 3(early) but with even more delta waves. cortical activity begins to become synchronized. Hard to wake up here

Question 10

REM sleep

Answer 10

completely relaxed, paralyzed muscles. small amplitude high-frequency acitvity similar to waking. Vivid dreams occur. brain stem inhibits motor neurons. heart rate and respiration is irregular.

Question 11

What wave forms dominate wakefullness

Answer 11

fast frequency low amplitude 15-20Hz. known as beta activity or desynchronized EEG.
and alpha rhythms which occur during relaxation. oscillate at 8-12Hz

Question 12

describe a typical nights sleep

Answer 12

7-8 hours, 45-50% stage 2, 20% REM sleep, cycles last 90-110 minutes

Question 13

When does the majority of SWS and REM sleep occur

Answer 13

SWS-cycles early in the night have more stage 3SWS

REM-later cycles have more REM

Question 14

What are the functions of slow wave sleep

Answer 14

rest and repair

Question 15

What is the outcome of sleep deprivatgion in rats

Answer 15

increased metabolic rate, lose weight, die in 19 days. Hinders immune system, most rats died of bacterial infection through sores

Question 16

fatal familial insomnia

Answer 16

degeneration of thalamus which results in insomnia in mid life. die 7-24 months after inso9mnia begins

Question 17

The locus coeruleus produces

Answer 17

NE (and its blue)

Question 18

cholinergic nuclie prodcues _____ which arouses the ___

Answer 18

acetylcholine, cortex

Question 19

Where is histamine producec and what does it do.

Answer 19

histamine is produced in the tuberomammilary nucleus. There are projections to the cortex which are directly arousing

Question 20

What is adenosine

Answer 20

a nucleoside neurotransmitter

Question 21

what doed adenosine do

Answer 21

it has inhibitory effects. Accumulation in one area prmotes increased delta activity in that area during the next night’s sleep

Question 22

study study picutres of neural conrl

Answer 22

…and shit

Question 23

during REM slee, acetylcholine neuronal activity increases. where?

Answer 23

peribrachial area

Question 24

what does ACh in the peribrachial area cause

Answer 24

PGO waves and cortical arousal
activates neurons in the MPRF which in turn… activates neurons
on the basal forebrain

Question 25

Name two chemicals that have inhibitory effects on neurons responsiblef or REM sleep

Answer 25

NE and 5-HT. Therefore, NE and 5-HT neurons must decrease their activity for REM to occur

Question 26

what are some sleeping disorders

Answer 26

insomnia, narcolepsy, rem without atoni

Question 27

define hypnosis

Answer 27

focused awareness on vivd, imaginary experience. it decreases awreness of external evironment

Question 28

what are the stages of hypnosis

Answer 28

induction
trance state
            generalized reality fading
            trance logic
Post-hypnotic suggestion

Question 29

purpose of hypnosis

Answer 29

treatment of anxiety, compulsive behavior, stress

hypontic analgesia