Sensorimotor

Question 0

motor output is guided by what

Answer 0

sensory input

Question 1

How is sensorimotor system organized

Answer 1

hierarchically

Question 2

What is Curare, what does it do

Answer 2

antagonist at nicotinic receptors which causes paralysis; lungs will stop movin

Question 3

Botulinum toxin

Where does it grow, what does it do

Answer 3

Grows in improperly canned food and it prevents Ach release causing paralysis.

Question 4

What is botox

Answer 4

botox is diluted toxin. prevents wrinkles by stopping muscle contractions around injection site.

Question 5

What are two parts of the sensorimotor association cortex

Answer 5

posterior parietal association cortex and dorsolateral prefontral association cortex

Question 6

What does the posterior parietal association cortex

Answer 6

integrates info about original position of body parts that are to be moved and positions of any external objects with which the body will interact
damage=deficits in perception and memory of spatial relationships; inaccurate reaching and grasping

Question 7

function of dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex

Answer 7

evaluates external stimuli and initiates reactions to them.

Question 8

Where does the secondary motor cortex receive info from ?

Answer 8

association cortex.

Question 9

where does the secondary motor cortex send output?

Answer 9

primary motor cortex

Question 10

Which part of the brain is involved in programming specific patterns of movements

Answer 10

secondary motor cortex

Question 11

electrical stimulations here will results in complex body movement

Answer 11

secondary motor cortex

Question 12

neurons of the secondary motor cortex fire prior to and during

Answer 12

voluntary motor response

Question 13

What are the three main divisions of the secondary motor cortex

Answer 13

supplmementary motor area
premotor cortex
cingulate motor areas

Question 14

Where is the primary motor cortex

Answer 14

precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

Question 15

This structure is the major point of convergence of cortical sensorimotor signals

Answer 15

primary motor cortex

Question 16

Major point of departure of sensorimotor signals from cerbral cortex

Answer 16

primary motor cortex

Question 17

motor humunculus is an example of being

Answer 17

somatotopically organized

Question 18

What can change the primary motor cortex?

Answer 18

learning, new skills show changes in electrical activity.

Question 19

early msuical training expands…

Answer 19

M1

Question 20

Two pathways through the spinal cord:

Answer 20

pyramidal system (corticospinal system)
extrapyramidal system

Question 21

What does the pyramidal system consist of

Answer 21

neuronal cell bodies in the cerebral cortex

Question 22

What forms the pyramidal tract

Answer 22

axons which pass through the brainstem to the spinal cord. form PT.

Question 23

Where does the pyramidal tract cross the midline.

Answer 23

The pyramidal tract croses the midline called a decussation in the medulla.

Question 24

What part of the brain modulates movement

Answer 24

reticular formation

Question 25

What is the importance of the reticulospinal tract

Answer 25

inhibitory and excitatory pathways descend to the spinal cord through the RT.

Question 26

What regulates motor output and where is it?

Answer 26

The rubrospinal tract. it originates in the red nucleus of the midbrain and terminates in spinal column

Question 27

Name 2 modulators of the sensorimotor system

what do they do?

Answer 27

cerebellum and basal ganglia
Theyre not major parts of the pathways, therefore they interact with different levels of the sensorimotor hierarchy to coordinate and modulate activity.

Question 28

Cerebellum:

mass and % neurons

Answer 28

10% mass, 50 % neurons

Question 29

Where does the cerebellum receive info from

Answer 29

primary and secondary motor cortex
info about descending motor signals form the brain stem motor nuclei.
feedback from motor responses via somatosensory and vestibular systems

Question 30

how does cerebellar size vary across vertebrate species

Answer 30

size is according to range and complexity of movements

Question 31

What does the cerebellum do with the information it receives about ongoing movement.

Answer 31

It can integrate the info and make corrections about ongoing movement that deviates from intended course.

Question 32

What brain structure fine-tunes cognitive responses

Answer 32

cerebellum

Question 33

How does the cerebellum guide movement?

which cells are responsible for this

Answer 33

the cerebellar cortex contains purkinje cells. they send only inhibitory messgages by which the cerebellum controls movement–through inhibition

Question 34

Cerebellar damage results in many problems. List them

Answer 34

loss of ability to control precisely the direction, force, velocity, and amplitude of movements.
Loss of the ability to adapt patterns of motor output to changing conditions
difficult to maintain posture
disturbances in balance, gait, speech, control of eye movement
almost impossible to learn new motor patterns

Question 35

need to study pictures from chapter about motor systems

Answer 35

do it ass hole

Question 36

The basal ganglia is a collection of interconnected nuclei. Name some of the nuclei/structures that make up the basal ganglia

Answer 36

striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra

Question 37

The basal ganglia is part of a neural loop that receives and transmits info from where.

Answer 37

recieves cortical input

transmits info back to motor cortex via thalamus

Question 38

Name some functions of basal ganglia

Answer 38

modulates motor output
involved in cognitive functions
learning to respond correctly to learned associations

Question 39

symptoms of parkinsons

Answer 39

muscular rigidity
slowness of movement
resting tremor
instable posture

Question 40

what is unique about overtrained motor movements in PD

Answer 40

overtrained motor movements are preserved

Question 41

What is the mechanism of PD

Answer 41

degernation of dopamine containing cells in substantia nigra

Question 42

proposed causes of degeneration of dopamine containing cells in PD

Answer 42

environmental toxins
faulty metabolism
infections disorders
          MPTP
           Mutation on chromosome 4

Question 43

Name two inherited causes of parkinsons

Answer 43

1. defective gene that encodes for alpha synuclein (basal ganglia protein)
   2 defective gene that encodes parkin

Question 44

How are Lewy bodies formed and what do they cause

Answer 44

Lewy bodies cause PD.
They are formed when either of the two proteins, parkin of alpha synuclein, are defective. These two proteins interact, if one is fucked up, lewy happens

FU how are the proteins damaged

Question 45

What is the precursor to dopamine that is used in PD called

Answer 45

L dopa

Question 46

what is DBS, what is it used for, what brain region

Answer 46

DBS is deep brain stimulation.

It is used in PD to stimulate the basal ganglia. reduces symptoms but requires implanted electrode

Question 47

experiemntal treatments for PD

Answer 47

neurotrophic factors and stem cell

Question 48

Why does the right side of the brain control the left side of the body?

Answer 48

the pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts cross at the decussation and control movement on opposite sides of the brain where they originally left from

Question 49

Supplementary motor area

Answer 49

initiates movement

Question 50

damage to the premotor cortex

Answer 50

causes one to retain fine motor control of fingers but impairs gate