Auditory, Olfactory, Gustatory Flashcards
What measures describe a pure tone?
Amplitude (intensity)-perceived loudness
Frequency (number of cycles per second of vibration)- measured in Hz and perceived as pitch
What is the range of human audition?
80-20000 Hz
What is a fundamental?
Give example
The fundamental is a basic frequency, harmonics are multiples of that frequency
Timbre!
characteristic sound quality of an instrument related to the intensities of harmonics
Musicians have bigger…
Heschl`s gyrus: the portion of the auditory cortex that processes music
What is amusia
an inability to discern tunes, it is hereditary and congential, 4% population
What is unusual about brains of tone deaf people
Diffusor tensor imaging shows fewer connections between frontal cortex and temporal lobe in tone deaf people
Auditory receptors are made of..
inner and outter hair cells
Where are cilia of outer hair cells?
embedded in the tectorial membrane
Why are inner hair cells sensitive to fluid movement?
What causes the fluid movement?
Inner hair cells are senstive because they are not embedded like the outer hair cells.
Fluid movement is caused by movement of the membranes.
What produces receptor potentials in response to sound waves?
Sound waves cause basilar and tectorial membranes to flex up and down. This bends bundles of cilia, resulting in receptor potentials
How does the organ of Corti send info to the brai
cochlear nerve- a bipolar neuron axons
How are action potentials generated in bipolar neuron axons?
Where do these axons form synapses?
hair cells cause EPSP in bipolar neurons by releasing neurotransmitters.
The bipolar neurons form synapses with neurons in the medulla
How is pitch produced
by frequency of sound waves
What is the difference between frequency and pitch
frequency is a physical phenomena, pitch is our subjective experience of frequency.
place theory
argues that pitch is encoded in the physical location of the activated receptors along the length of hte basilar membrane: activation of receptors near base=treble
near apex=base
frequency theory.
same as volley theory?
proposes that frequenc of auditory stimuli is directly encoded in the ifring pattern of neurons
What causes different amplitudes?
loudness
describe the labyrinth of the inner ear components
components: cochlea, vestibular sacs(saccule and utricle), semicircular canals.
What are vestibular sacs
saccule and utricle. They are fluid filled sacs beneath vestibular system
Where is the utricle
above the saccule
5 basic qualities of taste
bitter, sour, sweet, umami, salty
How many taste buds
10000
How many receptor cells on taste buds
20-50
