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Anatomy > skull osteology and fractures (A10) > Flashcards

skull osteology and fractures (A10) Flashcards

1
Q

bones of the skull

A
  • refer to images and checklists

- be able to describe in detail all of the 23 bones of the skull

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2
Q

alveolar bone

A

maxilla and mandible contain alveolar bone which holds the teeth

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3
Q

zygomatic arch

A
  • cheek bone
  • made up of: temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone
  • easily fractured when punched
  • as it forms part of the wall of orbit, fracture can cause bleeding and swelling of eye
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4
Q

superior and inferior nuchal lines (ridges on occipital bone)

A

muscle markings/ attachment sites

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5
Q

what structure passes through the foramen magnum

A
  • spinal cord
  • meninges (the three membranes-the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater, that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord)
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6
Q

sella turcica

A

depression where pituitary gland is situated (on pituatry fossa)

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7
Q

dural venous sinuses

A

endothelium-lined venous channels in the dura mater

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8
Q

neurocranium

A
  • bones of the cranial vault (level above the orbits-below the ear divides neurocranium and viscerocranium)
  • protects structures of brain
  • areas further towards the back of the skull are stronger
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9
Q

viscerocranium

A
  • bones of the face (level above the orbits-below the ear divides neurocranium and viscerocranium)
  • holes within the facial bones decrease robustness
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10
Q

bones in area of vision (special sense)

A

bones within orbit

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11
Q

bones in area of hearing (special sense)

A

temporal bone (petrous)

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12
Q

bones in area of smell (special sense)

A
  • nasal cavity:
  • > lateral walls have conchae
  • > upper and middle are ethmoid bone
  • > inferior conchae is a separate bone
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13
Q

bones in area of taste (special sense)

A
  • oral cavity:
  • > mandible
  • > maxilla
  • > palatine
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14
Q

joints within the skull

A
  • sutures between skull bones: coronal, sagittal, bregma, lamda, lambdoid
  • temporo-mandibular joint (synovial)
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15
Q

radiographic markings on skull

A

-suture
-vascular marking
-fracture
-artifact? (artificial eg. nail scratch)
(refer to image)
->fracture looks darker on x-ray (tend to be hard straight lines)

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16
Q

middle meningeal artery

A

runs just deep to pterion (vulnerable at pterion)

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17
Q

types of fractures of the skull

A
  • linear
  • depressed
  • comminuted
  • basilar
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18
Q

buttresses of the cranium

A

-spread masticatory forces away from the relatively delicate orbit and nasal areas

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19
Q

le fort fractures

A
  • 3 forms of maxillary fractures:
  • le fort I (fractures at line of maxilla, seperates maxilla from rest of face, most important in dentistry as it runs across the level of the teeth)
  • le fort II (fractures through orbits)
  • le fort III (completely separates bones of neurocranium/cranial vault from bones of viscerocranium/facial bones at the level of the base of the skull)
  • le fort III fracture causes bilateral peri-orbital haematomas(black eyes)
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20
Q

mandible

A
  • coronoid process
  • mandibular condyle (has a neck and head, also known as the condylar process of the mandible)
  • ramus
  • angle
  • body
  • mental protuberance
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21
Q

fractures of the mandible

A

-impacted wisdom tooth (gets stuck/lies between vertical and horizontal part of mandible) weakens the angle

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22
Q

cervical vertebrae

A
  • C1-C7 bones (C1-C8 nerves, C1 nerve is above C1 bone)
  • C1 articulates with the occipital condyles and C2
  • C7 articulates with C6 and T1
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23
Q

atlas

A
  • C1
  • anterior and posterior arch
  • no body
  • facet for dens of C2
  • superior articular facet for joining to occipital condyles
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24
Q

axis

A
  • C2

- odontoid process (dens/peg)= body of C1

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25
Q

synovial pivot joint

A
  • between C1 and C2

- shaking head/’no’ movement

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26
Q

cervical vertebrae structure (refer to image)

A
  • bifid spinous process
  • superior articular facet
  • transverse process
  • foramen transversarium
  • body
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27
Q

foramen transversarium

A

passage way of vertebral arteries

28
Q

vertebra prominens

A
  • C7 (first vertebrae with prominent spinous process)

- first palpable spinous process

29
Q

orbit

A

holds eye

30
Q

nasal cavity

A
  • protects special sense of smell

- airway

31
Q

cranial cavity

A

hollow space inside the cranial vault that the brain is protected within

32
Q

alimentary passage

A

entry for food and liquid

33
Q

hearing and balance apparatus

A

within external auditory meatus

34
Q

suture lines

A

fibrous joints

35
Q

stonger bones of skull on anterior view

A
  • frontal

- mandible

36
Q

weaker bones of the skull on anterior view

A
  • maxilla
  • zygoma
  • sphenoid
  • nasal
37
Q

external auditory meatus

A

hole through which sound waves travel

38
Q

sphenoid bone

A
  • single bone
  • goes across base of the skull
  • wedge shaped bone
  • forms posterior part of orbit
39
Q

pterion

A
  • ‘H’ shaped suture
  • thinnest part of the skull
  • dangerous to fracture as middle meningeal artery runs across inside of skull and if torn can cause bleeding around the brain (middle meningeal artery has 2 branches)
40
Q

squamous part of temporal bone

A

thin

41
Q

sagittal suture

A

-divides parietal bones

42
Q

coronal suture

A
  • horizontal

- divides frontal bone from parietal bones

43
Q

muscle markings on inside of mandible

A

attachment site of mylohyoid muscle

44
Q

wormion bones

A

can get trapped within lamdoid suture?

45
Q

lambdoid suture

A

divides occipital bone from parietal bones

46
Q

mastoid process of temporal bone

A

muscle attachment of SCM

47
Q

palate

A

made up of palatine process of maxilla and palatine bone

48
Q

hard palate

A

formed when 2 maxilla meet in suture

49
Q

condylar processes on base of skull/occipital condyles

A
  • for attachment with vertebrae/C1

- kidney bean shaped structure lined in hyaline

50
Q

medial and lateral pterygoid plates

A

for attachment of muscles?

51
Q

cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

A
  • cribiform = a lot of holes
  • transmits olfactory nerves (sense of smell)
  • crista galli = ridge in the middle
52
Q

orbital plate of the frontal bone

A

eyeball lies inferiorly

53
Q

situation of pituitary gland

A

within pituitary fossa of sphenoid bone

54
Q

location of organs of hearing and balance

A

temporal bones

55
Q

cranial nerve location

A

attach with inferior surface of brain and pass through foraminae of skull (along with blood vessels) to enter/exit cranial cavity

56
Q

maxillary air sinus

A
  • within maxilla

- makes maxilla delicate

57
Q

major bones of the orbit

A
  • frontal bone(superior)
  • sphenoid bone(posterior)
  • zygoma(lateral)
  • maxilla(inferior)
58
Q

alveolar process of maxilla and mandible

A
  • part that holds the teeth

- lots of air spaces within

59
Q

temperomandibular joint

A

where the mandible articulates with temporal bone

60
Q

mental process/protuberance of mandible

A

-bony part of chin

61
Q

part of mandible most likely to fracture

A
  • neck of mandibular condyle (thinnest part of mandible)

- >head of mandibular condyle swells as a result

62
Q

joint responsible for nodding head

A

between occipital condyles and atlas

63
Q

joint responsible for shaking head

A
  • between atlas and axis

- synovial pivot joint

64
Q

cervical vertebrae that DO NOT have bifid (fishes tail) spinous processes

A

-C1 and C7 (transition to thoracic vertebrae)

65
Q

spaces on radiograph between cervical vertebrae

A

for intervertebral discs

66
Q

odontoid process on radiograph of neck/cervical vertebrae

A

appears as shadow

Anatomy (21 decks)

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