Respiration part 1 (A4)

Question 1

function of chest walls

Answer 1

protect heart/lungs, make movements of breathing and involved in lactation (breast tissue)

Question 2

description of chest cavity

Answer 2

within chest walls, contains vital organs/major vessels and nerves

Question 3

viscera definition

Answer 3

organ

Question 4

what is the costal margin?

Answer 4

palpable in patients, formed by ribs 8-10

Question 5

breakdown of 12 ribs

Answer 5

1-7= true ribs (connect directly to sternum), 8-10= false ribs (don’t connect directly to sternum), 11 and 12= floating ribs (don’t connect to sternum atall)

Question 6

difference between intercostal and subcostal spaces?

Answer 6

intercostal= between ribs, sub costal= underneath ribs (costal margin)

Question 7

breakdown of vertebral column

Answer 7

C1-C7 (7 cervical vertebrae in neck), T1-T12 (12 thoracic vertebrae, each has a pair of ribs), L1-L5 (5 Lumbar vertebrae), 5 sacral (1 sacrum), 4 coccygeal (1 coccyx)

Question 8

why does the vertebrae increase in size untill it reaches the sacral region?

Answer 8

to support weight, then as it reaches the sacral region the vertebrae join to the pelvis then to the leg which carries the weight

Question 9

what makes up the chest wall?

Answer 9

vertebrae, ribs, clavicle, scapula

Question 10

what is the pecular gurdle?

Answer 10

spine of scapula articulates with clavicle at front to form pecular gurdle which supports upper limb

Question 11

where are the secondary curvatures in the spine and what are they?

Answer 11

at the cervical and lumbar regions, not originally naturally curved in foetal position

Question 12

importance of intervertebral disc?

Answer 12

gives support/cushioning to vertebrae

Question 13

what passes through the vertebral foramen?

Answer 13

spinal cord

Question 14

where is the sternal angle and clinical significance?

Answer 14

at the level of rib 2, important when counting ribs

Question 15

what part of the rib is most likely to fracture?

Answer 15

the angle of the rib

Question 16

what is the costal groove?

Answer 16

inferiorly on deep survace of rib where neurovascular bundle travels (nerves/blood vessels), neurovascular bundles lie between innermost and internal intercostal muscles (main one lies under costal groove)

Question 17

sternocostal joint

Answer 17

synovial joints between sternum and ribs

Question 18

costovertebral joints

Answer 18

synovial joints between ribs and vertebrae

Question 19

costochondral joints

Answer 19

between costal cartilage and ribs (not alot of movement occurs here)

Question 20

jugular notch

Answer 20

notch at top of manubrium/mediatstinum? where trachea can be palpated

Question 21

sternoclavicular joint

Answer 21

between sternum and clavicle

Question 22

clinal importance of xiphoid process

Answer 22

landmark in CPR/BEC

Question 23

how do vertebrae attach to vertebrae superior to them?

Answer 23

superior facets articulate with inferior facets of the vertebrae above

Question 24

what ribs are typical and atypical?

Answer 24

ribs 3-9= typical, ribs 1/2/10-12= atypical

Question 25

scalene tubercle?

Answer 25

scalenus anterior muscle attaches to scalene tubercle of rib 1

Question 26

why is rib 1 atypical?

Answer 26

not alot of movement occurs at sternocostal joint at rib 1/stiffer joint, least likely to fracture as it is shorter/wider and flatter and sits under clavicle

Question 27

position of groove for subclavian artery in relation to groove for subclavian vein

Answer 27

groove for subclavian artery lies more posterior

Question 28

attachments of ribs with vertebrae

Answer 28

head and tubercle of ribs articulate with facets of vertebrae, e.g rib 2 tubercle articulates with with articular facet of the transverse process of T2, and the head attaches with the superior articular facet on T2 vertebral body and the inferior articular facet on T1 vertebral body

Question 29

central venous cannulation

Answer 29

place thumb half way along clavicle, index finger on jugular notch and insert needle inferior to thumb and move medially to avoid subclavian artery

Question 30

position of cephalic vein

Answer 30

runs in deltopectoral groove

Question 31

long thoracic nerve

Answer 31

supplies serratus anterior, holds scapula against thoracic wall, special nerve as it innervates it on the more superficial surface, damage to long thoracic nerve causes paralysis of serratus anterior and therefore a winged scapula

Question 32

sensory nerves of chest wall

Answer 32

intercostal nerves (part of PNS) and long thoracic nerve

Question 33

difference between superficial and deep fascia

Answer 33

superficial= adipose tissue for insulation, deep= fibrous, tough, protective layer

Question 34

pectoralis minor attachments

Answer 34

ribs 3-5 and coracoid process of scapula (crows hook)

Question 35

latissimus dorsi

Answer 35

large muscle on back

Question 36

lymphatic drainage of breasts

Answer 36

lympathics of breasts cross over sternum, nodes draining lymphatic vessels of breasts drain into the axilla and neck

Question 37

3 types of intercostal muscles

Answer 37

internal (go at 90degrees to externals), innermost and external (dont cross costochondral junctions)

Question 38

what intercostal muscles are more active in inspiration/expiration?

Answer 38

externals are more active in inspiration, internals more active in expiration (especially forced)

Question 39

function of serattus anterior

Answer 39

anchors scapula to ribs

Question 40

muscles of the anterolateral chest wall

Answer 40

pectoralis minor, serattus anterior, latisimus dorsi and intercostal muscles

Question 41

features of typical ribs

Answer 41

head with two facets, neck, tubercle, body/shaft, angle, costal groove

Question 42

features of rib 1

Answer 42

head, neck, tubercle, body/shaft, scalene tubercle, grooves for subclavian artery and subclavian vein

Question 43

features of typical vertebra

Answer 43

1 spinous process (ligament and muscle attachments), 2 transverse processes (ligament muscle and rib articulations), vertebral body, superior and inferior articular processes (mobility with adjacent vertebrae), vertebral foramen (transmits/protects spinal cord), vertebral arch (protects spinal cord, made up of 2 lamina and 2 pedicle)

Question 44

thoracentesis

Answer 44

sampling fluid from pleural cavity via interostal space below the intercostal neurovascular bundle, and above the colateral neurovascular bundle