Respiration part 1 (A4) Flashcards
function of chest walls
protect heart/lungs, make movements of breathing and involved in lactation (breast tissue)
description of chest cavity
within chest walls, contains vital organs/major vessels and nerves
viscera definition
organ
what is the costal margin?
palpable in patients, formed by ribs 8-10
breakdown of 12 ribs
1-7= true ribs (connect directly to sternum), 8-10= false ribs (don’t connect directly to sternum), 11 and 12= floating ribs (don’t connect to sternum atall)
difference between intercostal and subcostal spaces?
intercostal= between ribs, sub costal= underneath ribs (costal margin)
breakdown of vertebral column
C1-C7 (7 cervical vertebrae in neck), T1-T12 (12 thoracic vertebrae, each has a pair of ribs), L1-L5 (5 Lumbar vertebrae), 5 sacral (1 sacrum), 4 coccygeal (1 coccyx)
why does the vertebrae increase in size untill it reaches the sacral region?
to support weight, then as it reaches the sacral region the vertebrae join to the pelvis then to the leg which carries the weight
what makes up the chest wall?
vertebrae, ribs, clavicle, scapula
what is the pecular gurdle?
spine of scapula articulates with clavicle at front to form pecular gurdle which supports upper limb
where are the secondary curvatures in the spine and what are they?
at the cervical and lumbar regions, not originally naturally curved in foetal position
importance of intervertebral disc?
gives support/cushioning to vertebrae
what passes through the vertebral foramen?
spinal cord
where is the sternal angle and clinical significance?
at the level of rib 2, important when counting ribs
what part of the rib is most likely to fracture?
the angle of the rib
what is the costal groove?
inferiorly on deep survace of rib where neurovascular bundle travels (nerves/blood vessels), neurovascular bundles lie between innermost and internal intercostal muscles (main one lies under costal groove)
sternocostal joint
synovial joints between sternum and ribs
costovertebral joints
synovial joints between ribs and vertebrae
costochondral joints
between costal cartilage and ribs (not alot of movement occurs here)
jugular notch
notch at top of manubrium/mediatstinum? where trachea can be palpated
sternoclavicular joint
between sternum and clavicle
clinal importance of xiphoid process
landmark in CPR/BEC
how do vertebrae attach to vertebrae superior to them?
superior facets articulate with inferior facets of the vertebrae above
what ribs are typical and atypical?
ribs 3-9= typical, ribs 1/2/10-12= atypical
scalene tubercle?
scalenus anterior muscle attaches to scalene tubercle of rib 1
why is rib 1 atypical?
not alot of movement occurs at sternocostal joint at rib 1/stiffer joint, least likely to fracture as it is shorter/wider and flatter and sits under clavicle
position of groove for subclavian artery in relation to groove for subclavian vein
groove for subclavian artery lies more posterior
attachments of ribs with vertebrae
head and tubercle of ribs articulate with facets of vertebrae, e.g rib 2 tubercle articulates with with articular facet of the transverse process of T2, and the head attaches with the superior articular facet on T2 vertebral body and the inferior articular facet on T1 vertebral body
central venous cannulation
place thumb half way along clavicle, index finger on jugular notch and insert needle inferior to thumb and move medially to avoid subclavian artery
position of cephalic vein
runs in deltopectoral groove
long thoracic nerve
supplies serratus anterior, holds scapula against thoracic wall, special nerve as it innervates it on the more superficial surface, damage to long thoracic nerve causes paralysis of serratus anterior and therefore a winged scapula
sensory nerves of chest wall
intercostal nerves (part of PNS) and long thoracic nerve
difference between superficial and deep fascia
superficial= adipose tissue for insulation, deep= fibrous, tough, protective layer
pectoralis minor attachments
ribs 3-5 and coracoid process of scapula (crows hook)
latissimus dorsi
large muscle on back
lymphatic drainage of breasts
lympathics of breasts cross over sternum, nodes draining lymphatic vessels of breasts drain into the axilla and neck
3 types of intercostal muscles
internal (go at 90degrees to externals), innermost and external (dont cross costochondral junctions)
what intercostal muscles are more active in inspiration/expiration?
externals are more active in inspiration, internals more active in expiration (especially forced)
function of serattus anterior
anchors scapula to ribs
muscles of the anterolateral chest wall
pectoralis minor, serattus anterior, latisimus dorsi and intercostal muscles
features of typical ribs
head with two facets, neck, tubercle, body/shaft, angle, costal groove
features of rib 1
head, neck, tubercle, body/shaft, scalene tubercle, grooves for subclavian artery and subclavian vein
features of typical vertebra
1 spinous process (ligament and muscle attachments), 2 transverse processes (ligament muscle and rib articulations), vertebral body, superior and inferior articular processes (mobility with adjacent vertebrae), vertebral foramen (transmits/protects spinal cord), vertebral arch (protects spinal cord, made up of 2 lamina and 2 pedicle)
thoracentesis
sampling fluid from pleural cavity via interostal space below the intercostal neurovascular bundle, and above the colateral neurovascular bundle
