Skull and Cranial Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

Scalp

A

Consists of 5 layers

Extends over neurocranium

Quite vascular

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2
Q

Innervation of the scalp

A

Trigeminal nerve

Spinal cutaneous nerves

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3
Q

Bones of the skull

A

Neurocranium and viscerocranium 22 bones

Sometimes extra bones

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4
Q

Neurocranium bones

A

8

  • occipital
  • 2 temporal
  • 2 parietal
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
  • frontal
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5
Q

Visceracranium bones

A

14

  • 2 nasal conchae
  • 2 nasal bones
  • 2 maxilla
  • 2 palentine bones
  • 2 zygomatic bones
  • 2 lacrimal bones
  • vomer
  • mandible
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6
Q

Foramina of the skull function

A

Permits nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the cranial cavity

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7
Q

Divisions in base of skull

A

Cranial fossa

  • Anterior
  • Middle
  • Posterior
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8
Q

Meninges layers

A

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

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9
Q

Role of meninges

A

Protection

Support network for blood vessels

Forms a fluid filed cavity to cushion and nourish the brain

Brain has to float in CSF so it doesn’t crush nerves below it

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10
Q

2 Dura mater layer

A

Endosteal layer

Meningeal layer

(closely applied to each other)

Dural sinus is split between containing venous structure

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11
Q

SCALP

A

Skin

Connective tissue (dense)

Aponeurotic layer

Loose connective tissue

Pericranium

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12
Q

Meningeal layer

A

Around brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

Endosteal layer

A

Lines the skull

Doesn’t go down spinal cord

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14
Q

Dura mater nerve supply

A

CN V (trigeminal)

CN X (vagus)

C1-3

Sympathetic

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15
Q

Dura mater blood supply

A

Middle meningeal artery

- tiny artery winding throw foramen spinosum to inside of skull

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16
Q

Meningeal layer of dura

A

Series of folds which divide the cranial cavity

Restrict movement of the brain

  • flax cerebri
  • tentorium cerebelli
  • flax cerebelli
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17
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Separates cerebral hemispheres

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18
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Separates cerebellar hemispheres from cerebral hemispheres

19
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

Separates cerebellar hemispheres

20
Q

Dura sensitive to stretching

A

Anatomical basis of headache

21
Q

Damage to middle meningeal artery

A

Extradural haematoma

22
Q

Tentorial herniation

A

Caused by space occupying lesion cause herniation of temporal lobe

e.g. tumour

23
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Thin avascular between pia and dura

Loosely applied layer with projections

All structures passing to/ from brain pass through subarachnoid space

24
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Produced by choroid plexus in brain

Contained in subarachnoid space

Arachnoid granulations affect the transfer of CSF to the venous sinuses

25
Role of CSF
Provides buoyancy to brain protecting it from mechanical forces
26
Pia mater
Very delicate vascular membrane Closely invests brain following gyri/ sulci Cerebral arteries enter brain carrying sheath of pia mater with them
27
Spinal cord meninges
Dura mater (only meningeal layer) Arachnoid mater Pia mater Form part of covering of spinal nerve roots
28
Leptomeningitis
Infection and inflammation in the arachnoid and pia mater (leptomeninges) Infection may enter the subarachnoid space and enter the blood (septicaemia)
29
Dural sinuses
Sit between dural fold Drained blood and CSF from brain via cerebral veins Communicate with the veins of the skull and scalp Thick walled endothelium (no valves or smooth) Drain into internal jugular vein
30
Blood supply to the brain
Internal carotid artery and vertebral artery Branches anastomose to form circle of willis Inside skull there are two terminal branches (anterior and middle cerebral artery)
31
Vertebral arteries
Pass within cervical passes within cervical vertebrae and enter foramen magnum where they unite to form basilar artery Come of subclavian arteries
32
Circle of Willis
Formed by anastomses 2xICA 2xVertebral arteries
33
Cerebral artery
Each has its own pattern of supply to brain
34
Anterior cerebral artery supplies
Medial and superior surfaces and temporal pole
35
Middle cerebral artery supplies
Lateral surfaces and temporal pole
36
Posterior cerebral artery supplies
Inferior surfaces and occipital pole
37
Stroke
Embolism in cerebral artery No anastomosis of cerebral arteries once inside brain
38
Infant skulls
Lower part of fascial skeleton develops in response to eating actions
39
Arachnoid granulations
Pops up into dural sinus Needed to get rid of CSF to venous sinus, eventually to jugular vein to be excreted
40
Superior sagittal sinus
Sinus at the top of the brain
41
Confluence of sinuses
Right in the middle of the brain Blood then goes down left or right
42
Transverse sinus
Left and right Drains from confluence of sinuses
43
Common carotid
Off arch of aorta Up neck and divides to external and internal External goes forward Internal goes straight to brain