Skull

Question 1

what is a linear fracture?

Answer 1

appear as a jagged or irregular lucent lines that lie at right angles to the axis of the bone

Question 2

what is a depressed fracture?

Answer 2

a fragment of bone is separated and depresses into cranial cavity

Question 3

what is a depressed fracture also called

Answer 3

ping pong fracture

Question 4

why is a basal skull fracture difficult to see on plain radiographs

Answer 4

because they are hidden by the dense structures of the temporal bone

Question 5

what suggests a basal skull fracture

Answer 5

air fluid level in the sphenoid sinus on a horizontal beam lateral

Question 6

what are the 4 complications of a basal skull fracture

Answer 6

leakage of CSF, meningitis, damage to facial nerve, and damage to auditory apparatus

Question 7

what are neoplasm

Answer 7

new and abnormal growths

Question 8

what does osteolytic mean

Answer 8

destructive lesions with irregular margins

Question 9

what does osteoblastic mean

Answer 9

proliferative bony lesions of increased density

Question 10

what appearance does osteolytic and osteoblastic make

Answer 10

moth eaten appearance due to mix of destructive and blastic lesions

Question 11

what is multiple myeloma

Answer 11

consists of one or more bone tumors that originate in bone marrow q

Question 12

what is pituirary ademona

Answer 12

tumor of the pituitary gland

Question 13

what is pituirary ademona usually diagnosed with

Answer 13

CT or MRI

Question 14

a plain image of pituirary ademona appears as?

Answer 14

demonstrate enlargement of sella turcica or erosion of dorsum sellae

Question 15

what is pagets disease (osteitis deformans)

Answer 15

unknown etiology, begins as a stage of bony destruction followed by repair

Question 16

what appearance does pagets disease produce

Answer 16

cotton wool appearance with irregular areas of increased density shows reparative stage

Question 17

what is mastoiditis

Answer 17

bacterial infection that can destroy inner part of mastoid process

Question 18

what is acoustic neuroma

Answer 18

benign tumor of the auditory nerve

Question 19

where does acoustic neuroma originate

Answer 19

IAC

Question 20

how does acoustic neuroma appear on a plain film

Answer 20

expansion and asymmetry of affected IAC

Question 21

what is cholesteatoma

Answer 21

benign cyst like mass or tumor

Question 22

where is cholesteatoma most common

Answer 22

in the middle ear or mastoid region secondary to trauma to this region

Question 23

what is a polyp

Answer 23

growth that arises from a mucous membrane and projects into cavity (sinus)

Question 24

what is otosclerosis

Answer 24

abnormal sponge like bone grows in middle ear

Question 25

what is the average skull called

Answer 25

mesocephalic

Question 26

what is the width to length of the mesocephalic skull

Answer 26

width 75 to 80% of length

Question 27

with the mesocephalic skull at what degrees does the petrous pyramids project anteriorly and medially from the MSP?

Answer 27

47°

Question 28

what is the type of skull that is short from front to back and broad from side to side

Answer 28

brachycephalic

Question 29

what angle does the pertrous pyramids form with the MSP on a brachycephalic

Answer 29

54° angle

Question 30

what is the name of the skull that is long from front to back and narrow from side to side

Answer 30

dolichocephalic

Question 31

what angle does the petrous ridges form with the MSP in a dolichocephalic head

Answer 31

40° angle

Question 32

in the dolichocephalic head the width is what % less than the length

Answer 32

75%

Question 33

in the brachycephalic head the width is what % greater than the length

Answer 33

80%

Question 34

what are sutural or wormian bones

Answer 34

small bones located within a suture

Question 35

what are the 3 divisions of the ear

Answer 35

external, middle and inner

Question 36

what are the part of the external ear

Answer 36

auricle, tragus, eam, mastoid process, mastoid tip, styloid process

Question 37

the external ear ends as what

Answer 37

tympanic membrane

Question 38

what are the 3 parts of the middle ear

Answer 38

tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles

Question 39

what is the tympanic membrance?

Answer 39

partition between external and middle ear, functions to transmits sounds

Question 40

what is the 2 parts of the tympanic cavity

Answer 40

tympanic cavity proper and the epitympanic recess

Question 41

what does the tympanic cavity communicate with

Answer 41

the nasopharynx

Question 42

what is the drum crest

Answer 42

bony projection to which tympanic membrane is attached

Question 43

what is the eustachian tube

Answer 43

passageway between middle ear and nasopharynx

Question 44

what is the epitympanic membrane

Answer 44

area above level of eam and eardrum

Question 45

what does the eustachian tube do for us

Answer 45

equalizes pressure within middle ear to the outside air

Question 46

what is the Internal acoustic meatus best demonstrated on

Answer 46

CT or MRI

Question 47

what is the aditus

Answer 47

opening between epitympanic recess and mastoid

Question 48

what do the auditory ossicles do

Answer 48

transmits sound vibrations from tympanic membrane to sensory apparatus of hearing in internal ear

Question 49

what are the 3 auditory ossicles

Answer 49

malleus (hammer) incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup)

Question 50

the handle of the malleus attached to tympanic membrane and head articulates with

Answer 50

incus

Question 51

the head of the stapes articulated with incus and its base fits where

Answer 51

into the oval window of the inner ear

Question 52

what is the function of the inner ear

Answer 52

contains sensory apparatus of hearing and equilibrium

Question 53

what are the two parts of the inner ear

Answer 53

osseous (bony) labyrinth or membranous labyrinth

Question 54

what is the function of the osseous labyrinth

Answer 54

bony chamber that houses membranous labyrinth

Question 55

what are the 3 parts of the osseous labyrinth

Answer 55

cochlea, vestibule and semi circular canals

Question 56

what is the function of the cochlea and the vestibule

Answer 56

communicates with middle ear through round window

Question 57

what part of the inner ear related to sense of hearing because of connection to stapes through oval window

Answer 57

cochlea

Question 58

what allows for movement of fluid within the closed duct system of membranous labyrinth

Answer 58

round (cochlear) window