Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Positioning > cervical and thoracic > Flashcards

cervical and thoracic Flashcards

1
Q

how many cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebra are there?

A

Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The vertebral column is commonly called what? (2)

A

spine and spinal column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When the vertebra are stacked on one another the vertebral foramina form what?

A

spinal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The spinal cord is filled with what?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where does the spine start and end ?

A

at the base of the skull (medulla oblongata) and extends to sacrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

at the lower level of L-1 the spinal cord terminates at the ?

A

conus medullaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In some people the conus medullaris can extend as low as ?

A

L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

To avoid striking the spinal cord,what is a common site for lumbar puncture

A

L3-L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what kind of disks separate the adult vertebrae

A

Fibrocartilage disks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fibrocartilage disks account for how much of the vertebral column?

A

about 1/4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do the fibrocartilage disks do for the vertebrae?

A

they are bound to the vertebra for spine stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Intervertebral disks consist of an outer and inner layer called ?

A

inner: nucleus pulposus
outer: annulus fibrosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a herniated nucleus pulposus?

A

occurs when the nucleus ruptures and protrdes into the vertebral canal and impinges on a spinal nerve (slipped disk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does a slipped disk normally occur ?

A

most commonly in the lumbar region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

in early life the vertebral column consists of how many bones?

A

33 irregularly shaped small bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how are the bones classified

A

according to the region they occupy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 5 regions of the spine

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cervical vertebrae consists of

A

most superior 7 bones in the region of the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Thoracic vertebrae consists of

A

next 12 bones form the mid back region and articular with one of more pair of ribs
older term: dorsal spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lumbar vertebrae consists of

A

next 5 vertebrae forms the lower back. They are the largest and strongest in the column (load of body weight increases toward the inferior end of the column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How many sacral segments does a newborn have? how many coccygeal segments?

A

5 sacral segments

3-5 coccygeal segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

An adult has how many bones in the vertebral column?

A

26

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Viewed from the side the vertebral column has how many curves that arch posteriorly and anteriorly from the MCP of the body?

A

4 curves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a concave curve?

A

a rounded inward or depressed surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is a convex curve?

A

is a rounded outward or elevated surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What sections of the spine have a concave curve?

A

cervical and lumbar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what sections of the spine have a convex curve?

A

thoracic and sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the primary curves of the body (develop soon after birth)

A

thoracic and sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the secondary or compensatory curves?

A

Cervical and lumbar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When does the cervial curve being to develop?

A

when a child begins to hold the head up at about 3-4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

when does the lumbar curve begin to form?

A

when the child beings to walk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what 2 curves are usually more pronounced in women

A

lumbar and sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What do the curves do for us?

A

serves to increase strength of vertebral column and maintain balance in upright position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are the abnormalities of the spine?

A

lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does lordosis mean

A

bent backward-any abnormal increase in the posterior concavity of the lumbar or cervical region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what can also describe the normal concavity of the lumbar and cervical spine

A

lordosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what can an abnormal increase in curvature result from?

A

pregnancy, obesity, poor posture, rickets, and tuberculosis of the spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is Kyphosis

A

any abnormal increase in the posterior convexity of the thoracic curve also known as hunchback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what projection will best show kyphosis?

A

lateral projection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what can cause kyphosis

A

may be caused by compression fracture of anterior edges of vertebral bodies in osteoporotic patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Which way does the spine curve in right and left handed people?

A

right handed: right

Left handed: left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is any abnormal curvature of the spine called ?

A

scoliosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

In a scoliosis patient why does the column develop a second curve in the opposite direction

A

to keep the head centered over the feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

a typical vertebra is composed of two main parts which are?

A

body and vertebral arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the body of a vertebra

A

thick, weight bearing anterior portion of the vertebra (superior and inferior surfaces are covered by a thin plate of articular cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is the vertebral arch

A

consists of a ring or arch of bone extending posteriorly from the vertebral body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The body and the arch encloses a space called

A

vertebral foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is a pedicle?

A

extend posteriorly from the body and form the sides of the vertebral arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what does pedicle also mean?

A

little feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what borders of the pedicles are concave

A

the superior and inferior borders

51
Q

The concave border of the upper surface of the pedicle is known as ? the lower surface?

A

upper: superior vertebral notch
lower: inferior vertebral notch

52
Q

When the vertebrae are stacked these notches line up and the two concave areas form a single opening called

A

intervertebral foramina

53
Q

What passes through the intervertebral foramina

A

spinal nerves and blood vessels

54
Q

The pedicles unite posteriorly with?

A

laminae

55
Q

what is the laminae?

A

the posterior part of the vertebral arch that are somewhat flat bones

56
Q

What is the transverse process?

A

projects laterally and slightly posteriorly from the junction of the pedicles and laminae

57
Q

what is the spinous process?

A

extends posteriorly from the midline junction of the laminae

58
Q

what do the spinous and transverse process do?

A

serves as an attachment for muscles

59
Q

What is a congenital defect in which the laminae fail to unite posteriorly as the midline

A

spina bifida

60
Q

how many articular processes are on a vertebra

A

4, two articular surfaces superior and two inferior that arise at the junction of the pedicles and laminae to articulate with above and below vertebra

61
Q

what are the articular surfaces called?

A

facets

62
Q

Each inferior articular surface has a facet on its ____ surface and the superior articular surface has a facet on its ___ surface?

A

inferior: anterior
superior: posterior

63
Q

The articulations between the articular processes of the vertebral arches are referred to as?

A

zygapophyseal joints (or interarticular facet joints)

64
Q

what is the zygapophyseal joints formed by?

A

the articulation of the superior articular process of one vertebra to the inferior articular process of the vertebra above

65
Q

What two parts of the vertebra must be demonstrated radiographically by the appropriate projection in each of the 3 major portions of the vertebral column

A

zygapophyseal joints and the intervertebral foramina

66
Q

what are the 3 joints of the vertebral column

A

intervertebral joints, zygapophyseal joints and costal joints

67
Q

what joint could respiration not occur ?

A

costal joints

68
Q

what are the intervertebral joints

A

slightly moveable joints between the vertebral bodies

69
Q

what are the costal joints

A

are located in the thoracic region, the 12 ribs articulate with the transverse processes and the vertebral bodies

70
Q

what does the costovertebral joint consist of

A

the head of the rib articulating with the facets on the vertebral body

71
Q

what does the costotransverse joint consist of

A

between the tubercle of the rib and the transverse process of the vertebra

72
Q

What 3 cervical vertebra are atypical

A

1,2,7

73
Q

Why are C1-C2 & C7 atypical

A

C1-C2: modified to fit the skull

C7: modifie to joint to the thoracic spine

74
Q

C1 is also called

A

atlas

75
Q

C2 is also called

A

Axis

76
Q

what are the typical vertebra

A

C3-C6

77
Q

What are some characteristics of cervial vertebra

A

bifid spinous process tips, overlapping bodies, three foramina, transverse foramina

78
Q

Whats forms the superior and inferior articular processes

A

at the point where the laminae and pedicles meet

79
Q

what is the short column between the superior and inferior articular processes called

A

articular pillar

80
Q

what is the articular pillar of C1 called?

A

lateral mass

81
Q

what projection visualizes the cervical (c2-c7) zygapophyseal joints? why?

A

the lateral projection, because they lie at right angles to the MSP

82
Q

what projection can you see the zygapophyseal joints of C1 -C2?

A

true AP projection

83
Q

where are the zygapophyseal joints located

A

between the pillars of each vertebra

84
Q

what forms the intervertebral foramina?

A

when each vertebra are stacked on one another the superior vertebral notch meets the inferior vertebral notch of another vertebra form the intervertebral foramina

85
Q

At what angle from the MSP does the cervical intervertebral foramina lie?

A

45 degrees

86
Q

Because of the shape and the overlapping cervical vertebra they are also directed as what kind of angle

A

15 inferior angle

87
Q

How would you open up and radiographically demonstrate the cervical intervertebral foramina (AP projection)?

A

a 45 degree oblique projection with a 15 degree cephalad angle

88
Q

what is the name atlas derived from?

A

a greek god who bore world upon his shoulders

89
Q

what vertebra has no body?

A

atlas

90
Q

The atlas has no body, instead it has an?

A

anterior arch

91
Q

Where is the small anterior tubercle located?

A

on the anterior arch of C1

92
Q

what is the articulation between the 1st cervical bone and the skull called

A

atlantooccipital articulation

93
Q

what bears a small bifid posterior tubercle instead of 2 laminae?

A

posterior tubercle

94
Q

what support the weight of the head and these portions are bulky and solid part of C1?

A

lateral masses

95
Q

the ring formed by the anterior and posterior arches is divided into anterior and posterior portions by a ligament called?

A

transverse atlantal ligament

96
Q

what does the anterior portion of atlantal ring of C1 hold?

A

the dens

97
Q

what does the poster potion of the atlantal ring of C1 hold?

A

transmits the proximal spinal cord

98
Q

what does the odontoid process do?

A

acts as a pivot or body for the atlas

99
Q

what is the 7th cervical vertebra called

A

vertebra prominens

100
Q

what are the typical thoracic vertebra ?

A

T5-T8

101
Q

what is the costovertebral joint

A

the head of the rib articulates with the costal facets

102
Q

what is the costotransverse joint

A

where the tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra

103
Q

what thoracic bodies contain demifacets both superiorly and inferiorly?

A

2nd-8th

104
Q

How many demifacets does T9 have

A

only 1 superiorly

105
Q

what do 10,11,12 have for costovertebral joints?

A

a single facet on the superior margin

106
Q

In the thoracic vertebrae the zygapophyseal joints form an angle of __ to the MSP?

A

70-75 from msp

107
Q

For radiographic demonstration of the zygapophyseal joints in the thoracic vertebra how many degrees from the lateral position must the patient be rotated?

A

15-20 from lateral (70-75 from tabletop)

108
Q

The LPO position of the thoracic vertebra “opens up” which side of the zygapophyseal joints?

A

the right side

109
Q

The intervertebral foramina on the thoracic vertebra are located at what degree to the MSP?

A

90 degrees

110
Q

what projection are the intervertebral foramina of the thoracic vertebra best demonstrated?

A

true lateral

111
Q

what projection shows the zygapophyseal joints of C1-C2?

A

AP open mouth

112
Q

The RPO position of the thoracic vertebra “opens up” which side of the zygapophyseal joints & what CR angle?

A

left side

113
Q

To open up the intervertebral foramina of the cervical vertebra, what angle would you use on an LPO &RPO position?

A

15 degree cephalad

114
Q

To open up the intervertebral foramina of the cervical vertebra, what angle would you use on an LAO &RAO position?

A

15 degree caudad

115
Q

To open up the intervertebral foramina of the cervical vertebra, what position would use to open the right side?

A

RAO, LPO

116
Q

To open up the intervertebral foramina of the cervical vertebra, what position would use to open the left side?

A

LAO,RPO

117
Q

The mastoid tip (or 1 in below EAM) correspond to what level?

A

C1

118
Q

With the head in the neutral position the gonion is at the level of ?

A

C3

119
Q

Most prominent part of thyroid cartilage (adams apple) is at approximate the level of ?

A

C5 (varies between C4-C6)

120
Q

vertebra prominens is at the same level as the body of ?

A

T1

121
Q

location of jugular notch?

A

T2-T3

122
Q

location of sternal angle

A

T4-T5

123
Q

location of inferior angle of scapula

A

T7

124
Q

location of xiphoid process

A

T9-T10

Positioning (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions