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Positioning > Lower GI > Flashcards

Lower GI Flashcards

1
Q

what are the parts of the alimentary canal??

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, large intestine, anus

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2
Q

what is the study of the small bowel?

A

small bowel series

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3
Q

what is the study of the large intestine?

A

barium enema

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4
Q

where does the small intestine begin?

A

at the pyloric valve

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5
Q

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

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6
Q

what quadrants is the duodenum located in?

A

RUQ and LUQ

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7
Q

what is the shortest, widest and most fixed section of the small intestine?

A

duodenum

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8
Q

where does the duodenum join the jejunum?

A

at the duodenojejunal flexure

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9
Q

what quadrant is the duodenojejunal flexure located in?

A

LUQ

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10
Q

what does jejunum mean

A

empty

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11
Q

what quadrants is the jejunum located in?

A

LUQ and LLQ

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12
Q

how much does the jejunum make up of the small bowel

A

2/5

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13
Q

where does most of chemical and nutrient absorption occur?

A

jejunum

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14
Q

what does the jejunum contain which increase surface area to aid with absorption

A

plicae circulares

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15
Q

what is the distal 3/5 of the small bowel?

A

ileum

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16
Q

what quadrants is the ileum located in?

A

RUQ, RLQ, and LLQ

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17
Q

what is the last portion of ileum

A

terminal ileum

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18
Q

where does the ileum join the large intestine?

A

ileocecal valve

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19
Q

where is the ileocecal vale located

A

in the RLQ of the abdomen

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20
Q

what does the ileocecal valve do?

A

controls the flow of chyme from the ileum to the cecum

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21
Q

the duodenum has what look radiographically?

A

feathery appearance de to the villi in the place circularis

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22
Q

which has the most feathery looking appearance of the small bowel?

A

the jejunum- number and size of fold gradually diminish as jejunum merge with ileum

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23
Q

large intestine consists of 3 parts?

A

cecum, colon, rectum

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24
Q

how long is the large intestine?

A

5 feet

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25
Q

what are the parts of the colon?

A

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, right colic flexure, left colic flexure

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26
Q

what quadrant does the large intestine begin in

A

RLQ

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27
Q

what is the proximal end of the large intestine

A

cecum

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28
Q

acute appendicitis accounts for what % of emergency surgeries

A

50%

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29
Q

how many more time common is appendicitis in males than females

A

1.5 times more

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30
Q

what position demonstrates the right colic (hepatic) flexure

A

LPO

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31
Q

where does the ascending colon begin

A

cecum

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32
Q

what is the longest and most moveable part of the large intestine

A

transverse colon

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33
Q

how many inches can the transverse colon vary from recumbent to upright

A

7 inches

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34
Q

what projection best demonstrated the left colic (splenic) flexure?

A

RPO

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35
Q

as the brim of the pelvis the colon makes s shaped curved called what

A

sigmoid colon

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36
Q

at what level does the sigmoid colon become the rectum

A

s3

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37
Q

how long is the rectum

A

1/4 inch

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38
Q

what is the dilated portion of the rectum anterior to coccyx called

A

rectal ampulla

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39
Q

what are the 3 differences in the large vs the small intestine

A

internal diameter, haustra (in large) and relative positions (small intestine centrally located, large around the periphery)

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40
Q

what structures are intrapertioneal

A

cecum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon,

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41
Q

what structures are retroperitoneal

A

ascending colon, descending colon, upper rectum

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42
Q

what structures are infapertioneal?

A

lower rectum

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43
Q

what are the 4 primary functions of large and small intestine

A

Digestion, absorption, reabsorption, elimination

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44
Q

most digestion and absorption of nutrients, water, salt, and proteins takes place within what organ

A

small intestine

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45
Q

small intestine reabsorbs what percent of water and salts

A

95%

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46
Q

what is the primary function of the large intestine

A

defecation

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47
Q

vitamins and amino acids are produced by

A

bacterial action

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48
Q

what 3 types of gases are produced as by prodcuts of bacterial action

A

hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane gas

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49
Q

what is haustral churning

A

moves contents from haustrarum to haustrum by muscular contractions

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50
Q

what is mass peristalsis

A

forces contents into sigmoid colon and rectum

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51
Q

what is defecation

A

eliminates feces by contractions is sigmoid colon and rectum

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52
Q

where does digestion occur

A

small intestine

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53
Q

where does absorption occur

A

duodenum and jejunum

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54
Q

where does reabsorption and elimination occur

A

large intesine

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55
Q

what are the 2 types of movements in the small intestine

A

peristalsis, and rhythmic segmentation

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56
Q

what are the 4 types of movements in the large intestine

A

peristalsis, haustral churning, mass peristalsis, defecation

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57
Q

what is the purpose of a small bowel series

A

study the form and function of the three components of the small bowel and detect abnormal conditions

58
Q

when does the time for the small bowel study start

A

after the patient has ingested 8oz of contrast media

59
Q

what are the 2 contraindications for a small bowel study

A

perforated hollow viscous & large bowel obstruction

60
Q

what exams would you do if a patient has a large bowel obstruction

A

barium enema or acute abdominal series

61
Q

what is enteritis

A

inflammation of the intestine-primarrily small intestine

62
Q

what causes enteritis

A

bacteria or environmental factors

63
Q

what is regional enteritis (segmental enteritis or crohns disease

A

form of inflammatory bowel disease of unknown origin- mostly the terminal ileum is involved

64
Q

what appearance does regional enteritis produce on a SBS

A

cobblestone appearance

65
Q

what is giardiasis

A

infection of small intestine caused by flagellate protozoan

66
Q

what are symptoms of giardiasis

A

GI discomfort, mild to profuse diarrhea, nausea, anorexia, weight loss

67
Q

what part of the small intestine does giardiasis involve

A

duodenum and jejunum

68
Q

what appearance does giardiasis produce

A

dilation od intestine with thickening of place circulars

69
Q

what is an ileus

A

obstruction of small bowel

70
Q

what are the 2 types of ileus

A

adynamic (paralytic) and mechanical

71
Q

what is adynamic or paralytic ileus

A

cessation of peristalsis, intestine is distended with a thin bowel wall

72
Q

what is mechanical obstruction

A

physical blockage of bowel

73
Q

what radiographic appearance does mechanical obstruction produce

A

circular staircase or herringbone pattern evident on an upright radiograph

74
Q

what is meckels diverticulum

A

congenital defect found in ileum, persistence of the yolk sac resulting in an outpouching of the intestinal wall

75
Q

what is meckels diverticulum best demonstrated with

A

nuc med

76
Q

what is neoplasm

A

new growth, benign or malignant

77
Q

what are carcinoid tumors

A

most common tumor of small bowel have a benign appearance but have potential to become malignant

78
Q

what radiographic appearance does lymphomas produce

A

stacked coin which is caused by thickening coarsening and possible hemorrhage of mucosal wall

79
Q

what radiographic appearance does adenocarcinomas produce

A

napkin ring defects within the lumen may lead to complete obstruction

80
Q

what is the most frequent site for adenocarcinoma

A

duodenum and proximal jejunum

81
Q

what are spur and malabsorption syndromes

A

condition in which GI tract is unable to process and absorb certain nutrients

82
Q

what does spur and malabsorption syndromes look like radiographically

A

thickening of mucosal folds and poor definition of normal feathery appearance

83
Q

what is celiac disease

A

form of sprue or malabsorption diseases that affects small bowel especially proximal duodenum

84
Q

what is whipples disease

A

affects small bowel- dilation of small intestine, deposits of fat in bowel wall and mesenteric nodules

85
Q

what are the 4 small bowel procedures

A

UGI-small bowel combo, small bowel, enteroclysis, intubation method

86
Q

what types of study is a enteroclysis

A

double contrast

87
Q

what are the clinical indications of enteroclysis

A

ileus, crohns or malabsorption syndrom

88
Q

in an UGI-SBFT, after the UGI exam is performed the patient drinks a second cup of barium and how many min radiograph is performed

A

30 min centering high for proximal small bowel- then every 15 minutes

89
Q

For small bowel a radiograph should be take every ____ minutes up to 2 hours then _ every hour after

A

15-30 minutes then every 1 hour

90
Q

what is the disadvantage of enteroclysis

A

increased patine discomfort and possibility of bowel perforation during catheter placement

91
Q

During a enteroclysis a special catheter is placed where

A

duodenojejunal junction

92
Q

what is colitis?

A

inflammatoryu condition of the large intestine, intestinal mucosa thick and rigid

93
Q

what appearance radiographically does colitis have

A

saw tooth appears from chronic inflammation and spasm

94
Q

what is ulcerative colitis

A

severe form of colitis

95
Q

what appearance radiographically does ulcerative colitis have

A

cobblestone appearance along mucosa

96
Q

long term bouts of ulcerative colitis may lead to what?

A

stovepipe or leadpipe colon-loss of haustral marking

97
Q

what is diverticulum

A

outputting of the mucosal wall

98
Q

what is diverticulosis

A

condition of having numerous diverticula

99
Q

what is diverticulitis

A

inflames diverticula due to infection

100
Q

diverticula are best demonstrated with what

A

double contrast barium enema

101
Q

what is intussusception

A

telescoping or invagination of one part of intestine to another

102
Q

what does the barium do on a be with intussusception

A

mushroom shaped dilation

103
Q

what is annular carcinoma

A

typical form of colon cancer

104
Q

what appearance radiographically does annular carcinoma produce

A

apple core or napkin ring appearance as tumor grown and infiltrates bowel wall

105
Q

what are polyps

A

saclike projections that project inward into the lumen of the intestine

106
Q

what best demonstrates polyps of the large intesine

A

BE, CT and endo

107
Q

what is volvulus

A

twisting of portion of intestine on its own mesentery

108
Q

where are volvulus found

A

portions of jejunum, and ileum or cecum and sigmoid

109
Q

what ages and gender is volvulus most common in

A

males 20-50 years old

110
Q

what appearance radiographically does volvulus have

A

“beak” sign-narrowing

111
Q

what is cecal volvulus

A

involves cecum and ascending colon

112
Q

in the intubation method of small bowel, Placing patient in what position may aid in passes of tube from stomach into duodenum by gastric peristalsis.

A

RAO

113
Q

what is intubation method used for

A

to relieve post operative distention

114
Q

what kind of catheter do they used in intubation method

A

miller-abbot tube

115
Q

for small bowel series what should you do on asthenic patients to separate overlying loops of bowel

A

place patient in trendelenburg position

116
Q

before a barium enema you should make sure the patient has not had what exams that could weaken the wall of the intestine

A

sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy

117
Q

what is the substance that produces frequent bowel movements by increasing peristalsis in large (and sometimes small) intestine and accelerates passage of intestinal contents.

A

cathartics

118
Q

3 most common type of enema tips

A

plastic disposable, rectal retention, and contrast retention

119
Q

3 most common type of enema tips

A

plastic disposable, rectal retention, and contrast retention

120
Q

what type of tip should only be inserted by rad and under fluoro for danger of intentional rupture

A

retention catheters

121
Q

what type of catheter do you need a separate tip to inject air for a double contrast BE

A

contrast retention

122
Q

what is the recommended range of weight to volume for single contrast BE

A

15% and 25%

123
Q

what is the recommended range of weight to volume for double contrast BE

A

75% and 95%

124
Q

what is the weight to volume for a evacuative proctography

A

100%

125
Q

what is the weight to volume for a evacuative proctography

A

100%

126
Q

what is the temperature for barium prep to make an anesthetic effect to increase retention of contrast

A

40-50 degrees

127
Q

what is the temperature for barium prep to make an anesthetic effect to increase retention of contrast

A

40-50 degrees

128
Q

what can be added to barium to reduce spasms

A

lidocaine

129
Q

if spasms occur during an exam what can be injected intravenously

A

glucagon

130
Q

what position should the patient be in when inserting a tip

A

sims-35-40 on left side

131
Q

what does the sims position do for the patient

A

relaxes the ab muscles and decreases pressure in abdomen

132
Q

how far should the total insertion of the tip be

A

4 inches

133
Q

how should the tip be inserted

A

1-1 1/4 anteriorly then aimed toward umbilicus superiorly

134
Q

the IV poled the enema bas if on should be no higher than

A

24 inches above the x-ray table

135
Q

what is the function of evacuative proctography-defacography

A

functional study of anus and rectum that is conducted during the evacuation and rest phases of defecation

136
Q

what is rectocele

A

blind pouch of rectum caused by weakening of anterior or posterior wall

137
Q

what is rectal intussusception

A

telescoping or invagination of rectal portion of bowel

138
Q

what is rectal prolapse

A

protrusion of rectal tissue through the anus to the exterior of the body

139
Q

what is the commercially prepared ready to use contrast in evacuative proctography-defacography

A

anatrast

140
Q

what is the purpose of a colostomy BE

A

to assess for proper healing, obstruction of leakage or to perform pre surgical evaluation

141
Q

Methylcellulose is introduced into the small intestine during an enteroclysis to

A

dilate the loops of small intestine

142
Q

What are 4 reasons to not use laxatives on a BE

A

Gross bleeding
Sever diarrhea
Obstruction
Inflammaotory condition

Positioning (7 decks)

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