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Clinical Pathology > Skin & soft tissue > Flashcards

Skin & soft tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Summary of Skin & Soft tissue pathology

A

SSTI
- Viral, Bacterial, Fungal

Diseases of head/neck

Inflammatory conditions of skin & eye

Skin tumours
- BCC, SCC, Melanocytic naevi, Melanoma

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2
Q

The skin is highly colonised. By which organisms?

A

S. Aureas (pathogenic potential)
Coagulase -ve Staphylococci
Corynebacterium spp
Propionibacterium

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3
Q

Skin/soft tissue infections can be localised or systemic. How can a localised infection occur?

A

Innoculation of contaminated object

Contamination of pre-existing skin lesion

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4
Q

S. Aureas in addition to causing inflammation, can release EXOTOXINS. Which ones?

A

EDT A/B
TSST-1
Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)

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5
Q

This virus has a 1” infection of chickenpox and a 2” inection of shingles.

A

VZV

Type of herpes virus

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6
Q

Treatment of VZV infection?

A

Oral/IV Aciclovir

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7
Q

This virus has a 1” infection in infants as mouth lesion and 2” infection of vesicular mouth/genital lesion.

A

HSV

Topical/Oral Aciclovir

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8
Q

Raised pearly lesions + umbilicated = ?

A

Molluscum Contangiosum

Common

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9
Q

Name the 4 common bacteria responsible for skin infections?

A

S. Aureas
S. Pyrogens
H. Influenzae
Pasteurella Multocida

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10
Q

Infection of epidermis + Plaque-like lesions + Yellow exudate = ?

A

Impetgio

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11
Q

Bacteria that cause Impetigo?

A

S Aurea

S. Pyrogenes

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12
Q

The complications of Impetigo are caused by ETA A/B. What are they?

A

SSSS (like burns)

Bullous Impetigo

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13
Q

Infection of dermis + caused by S. pyrogenes = ?

A

Erysipelas

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14
Q

How does Erysipelas present?

A

Fever
4 cardinal signs
LN involvement

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15
Q

Infection of skin + subcutaneous tissue = ?

A

Cellulitis

Caused by ALL 4 bacteria

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16
Q

Presentation of Cellulitis?

A

Fever
4 cardinal signs
UNILATERAL

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17
Q

Cellulitis has many diffrentials e.g. Acute arthritis, hypersensitivity reaction, DVT, necrotising fasciitis. What is the treatment?

A

Flucloxicillin

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18
Q

Infection of skin + subcutaneous tissue + 2 types = ?

A

Necrotising fasciitis

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19
Q

Type 1: Polymicrobial
Type 2: S. pyrogenes.

What is the treatment for necrotising fasciitis?

A

IV antibiotics (Meropenem + Clindamycin)

Surgical debridement

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20
Q

Gas gangrene is a type of anaerobic infection (uncommon). Which sites do they tend to infect?

A

Post-amputation site

Post-op

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21
Q

Gas gangrene is caused by C. perfringens. Treatment?

A

Metronidazole
Surgical debidement

(anaerobic)

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22
Q

List common fungal skin infections

A 
Tinea corporis - ringworm
Tinea pedia - athlete's foot
Tinea cruris - groin
Tinea capitus - scalp ringworm
Onycomycosis
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23
Q

The 2 most common risk factors for carcinoma of the oral cavity and larynx are..?

Both SCC

A

SMOKING

ALCOHOL

24
Q

The name of the autoimmune muco-cutaneous condition that has Wickman’s striae?

A

Lichen planus

25
Q

Vocal cord polyps are benign and see in …?

A

Heavy drinkers

Singers

26
Q

Nasal polyps arise from recurrent rhinitis. Large polyps can lead to..?

A

2” Sinusitis

27
Q

Cholestastoma is ass. with chronic otitis media. What is it?

A

= abnormal non-neoplastic skin growth

–> hearing loss

28
Q

Otosclerosis = abnormal bone deposition in middle ear. presentation?

A

Bilateral
Young (familial)
slow progression –> hearing loss

29
Q

Labrynthitis is inflamm of middle ear. T/F?

A

F

= inflamm of inner ear
Bacteria/Viral causes

30
Q

Ear carcinomas can occur in external ear (BCC, SCC) or the ear canal (SCC). Which one is linked to sun exposure?

A

External ear (pinna) carcinomas

31
Q

The most common tumour of middle ear which is benign but locally aggressive?

A

Paragangliomas

32
Q

Keratitis + Conjunctivitis can be caused by..?

A

VZV

Chlamydia

33
Q

Condition where lens become opaque + ass with DM, Down’s, Rubella…

A

Cataracts

34
Q

Retinal infections are caused by cat/dog faeces, called?

A

Toxoplasma

Toxocara canis

35
Q

List 3 caused of retinal vascular D.

A

Ischaemia
Hypertensive retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy

36
Q

MD = damage to central part of vision. What are the 2 types?

A

Dry MD* - progressive

Wet MD - new vessel growth under retina

37
Q

Retinoblastoma & UVeal Melanoma are example of..?

A

Eye tumours

38
Q

2 types of Dermatitis?

A

Atopic

Contact - Irritant, Allergic

39
Q

Autoimmune + red oval plaques + silvery scale + Ausoitz sign

A

Psoriasis

40
Q

Psoriasis causes?

A

FH
Environmental triggers
ass. with AD

41
Q

L.E is an autoimmune conn tissue condition. What are the types?

A

Discoid LE - skin only

SLE - visceral +/- skin

42
Q

Dermatomyositis can be mistaken for SLE. What is it ass with?

A

UNDERLYING VISCERAL CANCER ~25%

43
Q

Presentation of dermatomyositis?

A

Peri-oribtal oedema
Facial rash
Muscle weakness

44
Q

State 3 bullous D.

A

Pemphigus
Bullous Pemphigoid
Dermatitis Herpetiformis

45
Q

Which Bullous D is small intensely itchy + ass. with Coeliac + youth?

A

Dermatitis Herpetiformis

IgA deposition

46
Q

Most common type of Porphyria = ?

A

PCT
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda

= porphyria build-up from enzyme def

47
Q

Is PCT mostly congenital or acquired?

A

80% ACQUIRED from Hep C

Tissue damage when exposed to sun

48
Q

What is the most common malignancy in the UK?

A

Basal cell Carcinoma (BCC)

49
Q

BCC appears as nodule/ulcer often in sun-exposed sites. Risk factors?

A

SUN-EXPOSURE

RT, Immunosuppression, Gorlin;s

50
Q

SCC = nodule with ulcerated surface. What is the pre-malignant condition?

A

Actinic Keratosis

51
Q

Risk factors for SCC?

A

SUN-EXPOSURE

immunosuppression, renal transplant, drugs, chronic ulcers

52
Q

Giant Congenital Naevi, Mongolian spot & Dysplastic naevus syndrome fall under the umbrella of..?

A

Melanocytic naevi

2 have increased risk of melanoma

53
Q

Melanocytes are from neural crest cells and protect cells from UV. T/F?

A

T

54
Q

Melanoma is a dangerous malignancy. Is it more common than BCC/ SCC?

A

No

Rarer - rising incidence

55
Q

4 risk factors of Melanoma

A

SUN-EXPOSURE
Race - fair
FH - dysplastic naevus syndrome
Giant congenital naevi

56
Q

The most common type of Melanoma is UK?

A

Superficial spreading

57
Q

Skin lesions can be a sign of sytemic D. Which skin lesions?

A

DERMATOMYOSITIS - Visceral Cancer

DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS - Coeliac D

ACANTHOSIS NIGRANA - Internal Malignancy
NECROBIOSIS LIPOIDA - Diabetes

Clinical Pathology (13 decks)

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