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Clinical Pathology > Core Immunology > Flashcards

Core Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Summary of Immunology

A 
Autoimmune D (AD)
Diagnosing AD
Allergies
Immunodeficiency
Infections in immunocompromised Immunotherapeutics
Transplant immunology
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2
Q

Define AD

A

= loss of central/peripheral tolerance

autoreative B/T cells/general inflammation

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3
Q

What are the clinical features of someone who has an AD?

A 
F > M
Elderly
Smoking
previous trauma/infection there - goes overboard
Chronic - remision/relapse
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4
Q

List some organ-specific AD

A

Hoshimoto’s thyroiditis - hypothyroidism, auto-ab

Graves - hyperthyroidism, TSH

Pernicious anaemia - B12

MG - auto-ab in AChR

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5
Q

RA and SLE are examples of systemic AD. What is the acronym for SLE?

A

SOAP BRAIN MF

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6
Q

AD are diagnosed using inflammatory markers such as?

A 
ESR - viscosity of blood, high
CRP
Ferritin
Fibrinogen
Haptoglobin
Albumin - low
Complement - low
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7
Q

List some specific auto-ab used to detect systemic AD.

A

SLE - ANA, Anti-dsDNA

RA - RF, ACPA

ANCA Vasculitis - ANCA

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8
Q

Allergy = hypersensitivity reaction = damaging/unpleasant response of normal IS to non-harmful antigens in pre-sensitised host.

What are common allergens?

A 
Cow's milk
Nuts
Legumes
Fish
Eggs
Crustaceans
Cereals
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9
Q

Whcih hypersensitivity reaction will be seen in ABO incompatbility and haemolytic anaemias?

A

Type II: Cytotoxic

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10
Q

Vasculitis and SLE fall into which hypersensitivity type?

A

Type III: Immune-mediated

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11
Q

Which reaction is fast onset and includes the atopic triad and anaphylaxis?

A

Type I: IgE mediated (Allergy)

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12
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity reaction is what?

A

T cell-mediated

weeks onset

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13
Q

The atopic triad consists of Atopic dematitis, Asthama and Rhinitis. T/F?

A

True

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14
Q

Whats the main trigger of the atopic triad?

A

House dust mite

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15
Q

List the treatments for each atopic triad condition

A

Rhinitis - anti-histamines

Asthma - Salbutamol

Atopic dermatitis - Topical steroids, moisturisers

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16
Q

Standard treatment for Anaphylaxis?

A

Adrenaline

17
Q

What systems are affected in anaphylaxis?

A

Respiratory
CV
Skin
GI

18
Q

State 4 tests used to diagnose allergies

A

Specific [IgE]

Skin prick test

Intradermal test

Oral challenge

19
Q

2” immunodeficiency is acquired and transient and often minor. List possible causes.

A 
Stress
Malnutrition
cancer
Steroids
Chemo
AIDS
Irradiaiton
Surgery
20
Q

1” immunodeficiencies are rare and due to IEM. What is a common presentation?

A

Recurrent infections

Child

21
Q

Which immunodef presents with slightly raised CRP after infection?

A

IRAK-4 def

22
Q

Which immunodef is X-linked and presents as recurrent abcesses?

A

CGD

23
Q

which cells are defective in XLA?

X-linked Agammaglobinaemia

A

B cells

24
Q

Low [T cells] is likely to be which IEM?

A

SCID

bone marrow transplant, gene therapy

25
Q

Which groups of people are immunocompromised?

A

Very young
Elderly
Preg
HIV etc

26
Q

How would you manange an infection in an immunocompromised patient?

A

PREVENTION: prophylaxis, hand hygiene, vaccine

Treat known infection

Remove infected lines

Stop immunosupression

27
Q

What molecule is important in transplant?

A

MHC

28
Q

HLA- macthing in patients involves what tests?

A
  1. Serum-testing

2. Cross-matching

29
Q

Immunisation and replacement therapies are a form of immunosupression or immunopotenitiation?

A

Immunopotenitiation

30
Q

What is a common drug type used in immunosupression?

A

Corticosteroids

31
Q

What other drugs are used in immunosupression?

A

Drugs targeting lymphocytes (Ciclosporin, inhibit T cells)

Cytotoxc drugs (Methotrexate - RA, Vasculitis)

DMARDS (Anti-TNF - RA, Crohns) - TB risk

32
Q

Neutropenic patients are most suspeptible to what kind of infections?

Treatment?

A

Psuedomonal infections
Fungal infections

Broad spectrum antibiotics + antifungals

33
Q

Which oppurtunistic pathogens can infect someone who had a splenectomy?

A

3 usual suspects (bacteria)

Malaria

34
Q

What is the autoimmune condition that leads to ischaemia & fibrosis?

A

Scleroderma

35
Q

An anti-body medated rejection a few hrs/days after a transplant is what type fo rejection?

A

Hyperacute

36
Q

Wegeners Granulomatosis is a type of ANCA Vasculitis. T/F?

A

T

Clinical Pathology (13 decks)

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