CVD

Question 1

CVD risk factors can be assessed using…?

Answer 1

Q-risk 2
Score
Framingham Risk score

Question 2

What is IHD usually caused by?

Answer 2

Atheroma

Question 3

What does ischaemia in the heart lead to…?

Answer 3

Myocyte dyfunction/death

Question 4

List IHD syndromes.

Answer 4

Angina pectoris
Acute coronary syndrome
Sudden cardiac death = Arrythmias
Chronic IHD

Question 5

What are the 2 classifications of MI?

Differences?

Answer 5

Acute - full wall

Subendocardial - poorly perfused normally, infarct when hypotensive/angina

Question 6

State how you would diagnosis an MI.

Answer 6

.Troponin

ECG: ST elevation

CK-MB

Question 7

What are some of the complications after MI?

Answer 7

Arrythmias
Shock (LV failure)
Stroke (mural thrombus)
Dressler’s syndrome (weeks/months post)

Question 8

High BP –> Damage bv –> Damage organs.

What are some of the causes of 2” HTN (5%)

Answer 8

Renal - CKD, renal a stenosis
Endocrine: Conn’s, Cushings, Pheochromocytoma, Hyperthyroid

CV: coarctation of aorta
Neurological: Sleep apnoea, increased ICP

Question 9

What BP is classsified as hypertensive crisis?

Answer 9

BP > 180/120

URGENT TREATMENT

Question 10

Pulmonary HTN can cause RV hypertrophy, hepatomegaly, Splenic congestion, peripheral oedema. What conditions can cause it?

Answer 10

COPD
Asthma
Interstitial Lung D
PE

Question 11

The pathogenesis of LVHF is increased PRESSURE or DYSFUNCTION. What 3 conditons can lead to LVHF?

Answer 11

HTN
Valvular HD
MI

Question 12

Symptoms of LVHF?

Answer 12

Pulmonary oedema
Orthopnoea
PND
Cyanosis
Blood in sputum
SOB

Question 13

LVHF and Cor pulmonale can lead to what?

Answer 13

RVHF

Question 14

is pleural/pericardial effusion seen in LVHF or RVHF? What else is seen?

Answer 14

RVHF

Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Peripheral oedema

Question 15

State 4 complications of both heart failures.

Answer 15

Chamber dilation
Hypertrophy
Cardiomegaly
Heart failure cells

Question 16

70% of all Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) is done to…/

Answer 16

Aortic/mitral stenosis

Question 17

What causes mitral stenosis with the classic fish mouth abnormality?

Answer 17

RHD

autoimmune D after Strep A throat infection

Question 18

What does RHD cause in the heart?

Answer 18

PANCARDITIS

Question 19

Which stenosis is caused by age-related calcification or 2 cusps?

Answer 19

Aortic stenosis

can develop angina, CHF

Question 20

Aortic regurgitation can be caused by?

Answer 20

RHD
Endocarditis
Aortic root dilations

Question 21

MVP stands for…? In mitral valve regurgitiation.

How would you diagnosis it?

Answer 21

Mitral Valve prolapse

ECHO

Question 22

Which congenital heart defects (CHD) cause a L –> R shunt?

consequence?

Answer 22

VSD
ASD
AVSD
PDA

Pulmonary HTN

Question 23

Which CHD cause a R –L shunt

Answer 23

Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of the Great vessels
Truncus arteriosus
Total anoamlous pulmonary venous conn
Tricuspid atresia

Question 24

In which shunt in CHD do you get cyanosis?

Answer 24

R –> L shunt

Question 25

Which CHD are due to valvular abnormalities and are obstructive?

Answer 25

Coarctation of aorta Aortic stenosis Pulmonary Stenosis

Question 26

In which CHD is a shunt REQUIRED FOR SURVIVAL?

Answer 26

If PDA + obstructive defect Transposition of Great vessels Tricuspid atresia Total anomalous...

Question 27

What are the vegetations made of that are in IE?

Answer 27

Organisms + thrombotic debris

Question 28

How is IE classified? Which one is less virulent/vague symptoms/ affects defective valve and often seen on wards?

Answer 28

Acute IE Sub-acute IE* - antibiotics

Question 29

Strep viridans (mouth), S. aureas (skin) and what other pathogen causes IE via blood?

Answer 29

S. Bovis TEST FOR BOWEL CANCER

Question 30

Risk factors for IE?

Answer 30

``` Dental work Cardiac/Valvular ab IVDU Prolonged catheter Bowel cancer ```

Question 31

what acronym is used for the presentation of IE?

Answer 31

FROM JANE

Question 32

List 3 causes of Non-IE.

Answer 32

NBTE Endocarditis with SLE RF

Question 33

What virus commonly causes all kinds of heart infections?

Answer 33

Coxsackie B

Question 34

What is the most common type of acute pericarditis? What are the other types?

Answer 34

Serofibrinous/Fibrinous Serous Purulent Haemorrhagic Caseous

Question 35

There are 3 chronic pericarditis types. What are they?

Answer 35

Adhesive Adhesive Mediastinopericarditis Restricitive

Question 36

Is chronic pericarditis inflammatory or adhesive?

Answer 36

Adhesive

Question 37

Pericarditis is caused by what?

Answer 37

Infection (Coxsackie B, TB) Post- heart sugery Immunological: RF, SLE, Dresslers Neoplasm/Radiation

Question 38

Myocarditis is often caused by CoxsackieB. How would it present? Can develop into dilated CM

Answer 38

Asymptomatic Heart failure Arrthymias Sudden cardiac death

Question 39

What are the 4 types of cardiomyopathies (CM)?

Answer 39

1. Dilated 2. Hypertrophic 3. Restrictive 4. Arrythmogenic RV

Question 40

Which CM is often caused by genetic or alcohol? Treatment?

Answer 40

Dilate CM Transplant, Ventricular assist

Question 41

Is hypertophic CM 100% genetic or not? Treatment?

Answer 41

100% genetic Transplant, B-blockers

Question 42

Restrictive CM shows decreased in ventricular compliance. What are some causes?

Answer 42

Amyloidosis Sarcoidosis Mets idiopathic

Question 43

Which CM is due to RV dysplasia from disorder of desmosomes?

Answer 43

Arrythmogenic RV Athletes

Question 44

Which condition presents as facial pain, headache and jaw claudication?

Answer 44

Giant cell arteritis MEDICAL EMERGENCY - COMPLICATION --> BLINDNESS

Question 45

How would you diagnose and treat Giant cell arteritis?

Answer 45

Biopsy Corticosteroids

Question 46

What is the most common type of aneurysm? diagnosis?

Answer 46

Atherosclerotic (AAA) USS

Question 47

other types of aneurysm?

Answer 47

``` Dissecting (thoracic) Berry (Circle of Wilis) Microaneurysms (brain) False Syphilic Mycotic (weakening post subacute IE) ```

Question 48

What is the term for RVHF due to lung disease?

Answer 48

Cor Pulmonale