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Em NUT2 Semester 2 > Skin & Respiratory Health > Flashcards

Skin & Respiratory Health Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

List 2 things that narrow the airways in asthma

A

Bronchial smooth muscle spasm
Swelling of bronchial mucosa
Excess mucus secretion

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2
Q

Asthma is usually mediated by IgE and precipitated by an allergic response to an allergen. True or false?

A

True

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3
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of asthma

A
  1. IgE mediated response to an allergen
  2. Release of inflammatory mediators (e.g., histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins)
  3. This causes bronchospasm, triggering an asthma attack
  4. Excess mucus plugs the airway. Along with increased airway tone and hyper-responsiveness, the airway narrows
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4
Q

Which chemical mediators (1000 times more potent stimulators of bronchial constriction than histamine) are present in asthma?

A

Leukotrienes

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5
Q

What leads to up regulation of the LOX pathway and an increase in leukotrienes in asthmatics?

A

An imbalance in arachidonic acid metabolism

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6
Q

List 3 causes / risk factors for asthma

A
  • Th1/Th2 imbalance
  • Heightened Th2 balance during pregnancy
  • Inadequate antigen exposure (hygiene hypothesis)
  • Pre/post natal exposure to antibiotics
  • Gut dysbiosis
  • Pathogenic bacteria / fungi (i.e, candida)
  • Not breastfed
  • Early weaning
  • Obesity
  • Preservatives
  • Molybdenum deficiency
  • Food colourings
    Low Vit D and magnesium status
  • Drugs
  • Female sex hormone fluctuations (raised oestrogen)
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7
Q

How long should children ideally be exclusively breastfed for, to reduce risk of asthma

A

6-9 months

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8
Q

List 3 ways in which obesity adds to asthma risk

A

Significantly impacts lung function mechanics
Poor diet increases asthma risk
Obesity is linked with poor microbiome diversity
Adipose tissue releases cytokines, contributes to systemic inflammation

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9
Q

A deficiency of which mineral can contribute to sulphite sensitivity and increase asthma risk?

A

Molybdenum

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10
Q

Previous HRT use is linked with increased risk of asthma in women. True or false?

A

True

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11
Q

Raised oestrogen increases asthma risk, as oestrogen favours Th__

A

Th2

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12
Q

There are 2 classifications of asthma. Name them.

A

Extrinsic (allergic/atopic)
Intrinsic (non-allergic)

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13
Q

List 3 common triggers of extrinsic asthma

A

Pollen
Mould
Dust mites
Pet dander

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14
Q

List 3 common triggers of intrinsic asthma

A

Cold temperatures
Humidity
Stress
Exercise
Pollution
Smoke
Oestrogen excess
Respiratory infections

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15
Q

Which mineral, a co-factor in glutathione synthesis, is often low in asthmatics?

A

Selenium

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16
Q

Vitamin ___, a potent antioxidant, improves lung function , decreases IgE, optimises Th1 and suppresses Th2.

A

Vitamin E

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17
Q

Which flavonoid inhibits histamine release from mast cells and decreases airway inflammation?

A

Quercetin

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18
Q

Why is it important to optimise omega 3:6 ratio in asthma?

A

An inflammatory omega 6:3 profile causes increased PGE2 synthesis, which increases IgE, atopy and inflammation.

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19
Q

Probiotics can balance Th1 / Th2 immunity in asthma. True or false?

A

True

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20
Q

Which herb can inhibit leukotriene production, benefiting asthma?

A

Boswellia

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21
Q

Define bronchitis

A

Acute or chronic inflammation of the bronchi

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22
Q

Which respiratory pathology is associated with environmental irritants, inducing:
- Mucosa oedema
- Hypertrophy of bronchial glands
- Hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
- Invisible scarring of airway walls, reducing airflow

A

Bronchitis

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23
Q

What is the hallmark symptom of bronchitis?

A

Hacking, unproductive cough

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24
Q

List 3 signs/symptoms of bronchitis

A

Hacking, unproductive cough, becoming productive within days (thick, yellowy mucus)
Fever
Sore throat
Shortness of breath
Headache
Runny or blocked nose
Muscle pain

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25
Why should mucus- and histamine-forming foods be avoided in bronchitis?
To avoid excess mucus production (blocks airways)
26
List 3 things you'd include in a natural approach to bronchitis.
- Reduce bronchial irritants (dusk, smoke, pollution) - Reduce inflammatory foods (sugar etc) - Avoid additives, preservatives, colourings - Adequate fluid intake - Bromelain
27
Which proteolytic enzyme decreases airway inflammation, is mucolytic and has potential as an anti-viral agent?
Bromelain
28
Describe COPD.
A chronic inflammatory response of the lungs causing airflow limitation and progressive lung tissue damage.
29
COPD is a combination of two main pathologies. Name them.
Emphysema Chronic bronchitisW
30
What is the main symptom of emphysema?
Breathlessness (alveoli collapse during expiration)
31
What is the main symptom of chronic bronchitis?
Cough and wheezing (inflammation of bronchial lining with mucus hyper-secretion)
32
List 2 causes / risk factors for COPD.
- Smoking - Exposure to lung irritants (air pollution, industrial chemicals, dust) - Genetic susceptibility
33
Why is healthy weight management important in COPD?
- Overweight = more pressure on heart and lungs - Underweight = inability to maintain normal body function
34
List 3 things you might include/do in a natural approach to COPD
- Avoid foods with a negative effect on immune health - Avoid mucus-producing foods - Include nutrient-dense, easily digested foods - CNM Naturopathic Diet - Anti-inflammatory, warming herbs & spices - Optimise O3 fat intake - Good protein intake (sarcopenia risk) - Specific focus on leucine - Increase flavonoid intake
35
Vitamin __ deficiency in COPD is associated with increased risk of exacerbations and a decline in lung function.
Vitamin D
36
Increased oxidative stress during COPD disease exacerbation is linked to lowered serum levels of vitamins ___ and ___.
A and E
37
Name a mucolytic supplement, useful in COPD.
NAC
38
Which medicinal mushroom improves disease progression markers in COPD?
Cordyceps
39
Which herb, an expectorant with mucolytic and antibacterial activities, is useful in COPD?
Thyme
40
List 2 functions of the integumentary system.
Protective barrier Detoxification (excretes waste products)
41
Comedones are a clinical presentation of which skin disorder?
Acne vulgaris
42
Hyperinsulinemia decreases _________, increasing levels of free testosterone.
SHBG
43
Which enzyme converts testosterone to DHT, driving acne?
5-alpha-reductase
44
What is the most abundant steroid in the body?
DHEA
45
List 3 causes/risk factors of acne
Increased androgens / DHT Hormone fluctuations (i.e, puberty) PCOS Psychological stress via HPA axis -> inflammation Depression / anxiety Corticosteroids Insulin resistance (increases androgen & sebum production) IGF1 Dairy High GI foods Excess damp/heat (TCM) Western diet
46
Which vitamin has anti-comedogenic properties?
Vitamin D
47
Acne patients have a distinct microbiome with higher levels of _____________
Bacteriodes
48
Omega 3 decreases IGF-1. True or false?
True
49
Name a food that has been shown to decrease circulating free androgens.
Flaxseed
50
In which pathology would you find mTORC1 activation?
Acne vulgaris
51
Which mineral inhibits 5-alpha-reductase, positively impacting acne vulgaris?
Zinc
52
List 2 herbs that inhibit 5-alpha-reductase, positively impacting acne vulgaris?
Saw Palmetto Stinging nettle root
53
With which skin pathology would you associate capillary hyper-reactivity, presenting as an erythematous rash or red flush across the cheeks and nose?
Rosacea
54
What is another name for telangiectasia?
Spider veins
55
List 3 causes / risk factors for rosacea.
- H.pylori infection - SIBO - Excess heat - Food allergy / intolerance
56
List 3 common trigger foods in rosacea
Peppers Tomatoes Citrus Chocolate Cinnamon
57
List 3 things you might do to support rosacea naturally.
Identify and avoid dietary triggers Focus on cooling, anti-inflammatory foods Reduce high-histamine foods Support gut health and pH Increase O3 intake Vitamin C-rich foods Proanthocyadinin- rich foods Topical aloe vera gel Zinc (25mg/day) Reduce stress
58
_________ ___________ is a disorder of altered skin integrity and immune dysregulation, that presents as a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease.
Atopic dermatitis
59
List 2 clinical signs of atopic dermatitis
Pruritis Dry eczematous lesions on flexor/extensor surfaces Lichenification
60
Atopic dermatitis is divided into 2 classifications. Name them.
Extrinsic (IgE mediated) Intrinsic (non-IgE mediated)
61
__________ is a common T-cell-mediated inflammatory skin condition characterised by hyperkeratosis.
Psoriasis
62
List 2 clinical signs/symptoms of psoriasis.
- Symmetric, well-defined, salmon-coloured plaques with overlapping thick, silvery scales - Nail involvement - pitting/flaking, yellow/brown spots - Often worse in winter
63
Psoriasis is an auto-immune condition, in which T-cell mediated inflammation results in keratinocyte proliferation. True or false?
True
64
List 2 complications of psoriasis.
Psoriatic arthritis CVD IBD Depression Occular disorders
65
The HLA-Cw6 gene is associated with which skin condition?
Psoriasis
66
List 3 causes/risk factors for psoriasis.
Genetic predisposition Physical trauma Vaccination Air pollution Medications Infectious agents, candida Smoking Alcohol Metabolic syndrome Gut dysbiosis High toxic load Impaired detox / elimination pathways Poor protein digestion NAFLD Insulin resistance Chronic high level stress
67
List 3 things you might do as part of a natural protocol for psoriasis
Reduce gluten Restrict red meat Restrict simple sugars Reduce toxic load Support digestion Probiotics and prebiotics to support commensals Weight loss as needed Stress management Liver herbs - milk thistle Anti-inflammatory herbs - Turmeric, boswelia
68
What could you use topically in psoriasis?
Coconut oil Aloe vera gel Neem

Em NUT2 Semester 2 (9 decks)

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