Pediatrics and Men's Health Flashcards by Emily Birch

Instead of limiting foods in a child’s diet, what should you ideally focus on instead?

Adding in nutrient-dense foods

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What dose of supplements should be given to infants still breast-feeding?

Dose the mother

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When calculating supplement dose for infants under 2 years old, use _________’s rule

Fried’s rule

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When calculating supplement dose for infants under 2 years old, use _________’s rule

Young’s rule

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Which gentle herbal teas can be given to young children?

Chamomile
Rosehip
Nettle

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The critical window for optimising the gut-brain axis connection through diverse microbiome colonisation is from birth to __ years.

Birth - 3 years

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How might you supplement probiotics in an infant 0-4 months old?

Probiotic powder rubbed onto the nipple before breastfeeding, or powder gently rubbed inside the infant’s mouth with a clean finger.

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__________ = regular prolonged crying of unknown cause in an otherwise healthy infant.

Infantile colic

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List 3 signs/symptoms of infantile colic

Crying for long periods
Stiffening of body
Curling of legs upwards

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List 2 possible causes of infantile colic

Undeveloped digestive system
Trapped gas
Food intolerances from breast milk/formula
Low GI microbiota diversity
Newborn over-stimulation

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List 3 things you might do in a natural approach to infantile colic

Burp them for as long as they feed
Maternal and baby probiotics
Gentle pressure on the abdomen (‘Tiger hold’)
Gentle bicycling of infant’s legs
Gentle abdominal massage (clockwise only)
Bathe baby in 37C water
Fennel seed tea
Chamomile tea

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How might you help with teething, naturally?

Give baby a cold wet muslin to chew
Chilled cucumber/carrot/celery sticks (older children)
Frozen banana
Homemade frozen lollies (breastmilk or berry juice)
Rub gums with a clean finger
Teething tea

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Honey must NOT be given to infants under 12 months old. True or false?

True

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Fevers in children are defined as when core body temperature increases above ____ C

38 degrees

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________ _________ = infection of the middle ear, often accompanied by cold and flu symptoms and child holding or rubbing their ear

Otitis Media

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List 2 causes / risk factors for Otitis Media.

Early age (Eustachian tube is more horizontal)
Under-functioning immune system
Poor diet
Gut dysbiosis
Food allergies
Environmental irritants
Dental problems
TMJ misalignment

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Which food group increases mucus production and should be removed in Otitis Media?

Dairy

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The urinary system comprises the kidneys, ureters, bladder and _________

Urethra

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List 3 functions of the urinary system

Filter & eliminate wastes
Regulate acid-base balance
Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
Regulate blood volume and pressure
Regulate blood glucose
Activate vitamin D
Provide erythropoietin

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Why should high protein diets be avoided when considering kidney health?

Increases nitrogenous wastes (urea, creatinine, uric acid), increasing kidney demand
Increases glomerular filtration rate
May cause inflammation

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UTI in the kidney is called pyelonephritis; in the bladder ___________; and in the urethra, urethritis.

Cystitis

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80 - 90% of UTI’s relate to the pathogen ___________

E.Coli

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List 3 causes / risk factors for urinary tract infection.

Female
Menopause
Pregnancy
Sexual activity (in weak terrain)
Elderly
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Antibiotics
Intestinal dysbiosis
Gut-vagina-bladder axis

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List the 3 different types of urinary tract infection

Pyelonephritis
Cystitis
Urethritis

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List 4 things you might do within a natural approach to urinary tract infections

Avoid/reduce: - Simple sugars & refined carbohydrates - Caffeine - Diet soft drinks - Alcohol - Caffeine and artificial sweeteners - Red meat, pork, poultry - Sexual activity (in active infection) - Irritating body cleaning products Include: - Phytonutrients - Pre and pro biotic foods - Optimal water intake - Cranberry juice / powder

What dosage of unsweetened cranberry juice or powder would you recommend for supporting UTIs?

Cranberry juice: 15-30ml/day Cranberry powder: 500mg 3 x day

Why is cranberry effective in supporting UTIs?

Its proanthocyanins reduce bacterial adhesion to the bladder endothelium

I what pathology might you recommend D-Mannose supplementation?

UTI's

Define interstitial cystitis

A chronic inflammatory condition of the bladder characterised by pain and a sense of pressure.

Is interstitial cystitis associated with infection?

What are urinary calculi?

Formation of crystalline salts and organic matter in the kidney and bladder (like gravel)

When might urinary calculi cause pain?

If a stone lodges in a ureter

There are 4 main types of stones in urinary calculi. Name them.

Calcium oxalate (most common) Calcium phosphate Uric acid Struvite

What is the most common type of urinary calculi?

Calcium oxalate

List 3 causes / risk factors for urinary calculi.

Dehydration Altered urinary pH Dietary acid load (animal protein, dairy, soft drinks) High table salt intake Low fibre diet High dose calcium supplementation High intake of oxalate-rich foods High protein intake Purine-rich foods

Where is testosterone produced?

>95% in the testes (by Leydig cells) Rest in the adrenals

List 2 causes/risk factors of low testosterone

Ageing Chronic stress Elevated SHBG Thyroid dysfunction Zinc deficiency Increased aromatase Environmental toxins Sleep deprivation Medications

Which vitamin increases Lydia cell testosterone production?

Vitamin D

List 2 herbs that you might use to boost testosterone

Ashwagandha Shatavari

How is dihydrotestosterone (DHT) produced?

From testosterone by 5a-reductase

Which androgen is more potent than testosterone?

DHT

List 2 signs/symptoms associated with increased DHT levels

Acne Male pattern baldness Mood (anger) Prostate disorders

List 2 causes of increased 5a-reductase activity

Inflammation (poor diet, gut health etc) Increased insulin Obesity Low zinc status Pesticides Gene SNP

What 3 things might you do to lower DHT?

Address inflammation Stabilise blood glucose levels Support insulin sensitivity Reduce adiposity Eat organic Zinc Saw palmetto Stinging nettle root

List 2 causes / risk factors for erectile dysfunction

Low testosterone Stress Anxiety Poor diet Diabetes Medication-induced CVD Low nitric oxide synthesis Neurogenic

Define benign prostatic hyperplasia

Enlargement of the prostate without the presence of malignancy

List 3 signs/symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Urinary frequency Urinary urgency Nocturne Incomplete evacuation Terminal dribbling

What does raised PSA on a blood test indicate?

Possible prostate enlargement or inflammation Usually used in prostate cancer screening

The prostate is a gland rich in which mineral?

Zinc

List 2 things that contribute to the aetiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Higher levels of DHT Obesity, IR, inflammation, excess alcohol, low zinc High stress -> smooth muscle cell hyperplasia Oestrogen-testosterone imbalance (oestrogens increase prostate growth)

How might you approach BPH naturally?

CNM diet Focus on zinc-rich foods Eat organic (pesticides promote DHT) Lower DHT (saw palmetto, nettle, zinc) Optimise body weight Address stress Remove bladder irritants (e.,g alcohol, caffeine, fizzy drinks, artificial sweeteners) Eat the rainbow (polyphenols) Lycopene (inhibits 5a-reductase) EGCG Lignans Reduce excess oestrogens Physical activity

Which medicinal mushroom reduces 5a-reductase, so is useful in BPH?

Reishi

What is the most common cancer in men aged 50+?

Prostate cancer

List 3 signs/symptoms of prostate cancer

Same as BPH Haematuria Blood in ejaculate Pain on ejaculation Back pain

Why is abdominal obesity a risk factor for prostate cancer?

Increases insulin resistance, chronic inflammation and dysregulated sex hormones.

List 4 risk factors for prostate cancer

Poor diet Abdominal adiposity Poor methylation Increased 5a-reductase activity Intestinal dysbiosis (increases B-glucaronidase and circulating oestrogens) Leaky gut (chronic inflammation) Nutrient deficiencies SNPs

Define prostatitis

Inflammation of the prostate with or without infection

List 3 signs/symptoms of prostatitis

Similar to BPH Frequent UTI's Dysuria Blood in urine / semen Discharge from the urethra Pain on ejaculation Pain around male genitalia, anus, abdomen and lower back Fever and malaise

List 3 etiological factors in prostatitis

Chronic low-grade inflammation Low immune function Links with low testosterone Genitourinary dysbiosis STD's

List 4 things you might do to support prostatitis naturally.

CNM diet Focus on reducing inflammation / immune support PGE2 inhibitors - ginger, turmeric, O3, vitamin C Zinc, selenium, lycopene, saw palmetto, nettle Quercetin - reduces inflammation, LOX, COX, NF-kB inhibitor Probiotics and prebiotics

What level of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) requires further investigation?

>4 ng/ml