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Em NUT2 Semester 2 > Pediatrics and Men's Health > Flashcards

Pediatrics and Men's Health Flashcards

1
Q

Instead of limiting foods in a child’s diet, what should you ideally focus on instead?

A

Adding in nutrient-dense foods

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2
Q

What dose of supplements should be given to infants still breast-feeding?

A

Dose the mother

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3
Q

When calculating supplement dose for infants under 2 years old, use _________’s rule

A

Fried’s rule

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4
Q

When calculating supplement dose for infants under 2 years old, use _________’s rule

A

Young’s rule

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5
Q

Which gentle herbal teas can be given to young children?

A

Chamomile
Rosehip
Nettle

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6
Q

The critical window for optimising the gut-brain axis connection through diverse microbiome colonisation is from birth to __ years.

A

Birth - 3 years

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7
Q

How might you supplement probiotics in an infant 0-4 months old?

A

Probiotic powder rubbed onto the nipple before breastfeeding, or powder gently rubbed inside the infant’s mouth with a clean finger.

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8
Q

__________ = regular prolonged crying of unknown cause in an otherwise healthy infant.

A

Infantile colic

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9
Q

List 3 signs/symptoms of infantile colic

A

Crying for long periods
Stiffening of body
Curling of legs upwards

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10
Q

List 2 possible causes of infantile colic

A

Undeveloped digestive system
Trapped gas
Food intolerances from breast milk/formula
Low GI microbiota diversity
Newborn over-stimulation

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11
Q

List 3 things you might do in a natural approach to infantile colic

A

Burp them for as long as they feed
Maternal and baby probiotics
Gentle pressure on the abdomen (‘Tiger hold’)
Gentle bicycling of infant’s legs
Gentle abdominal massage (clockwise only)
Bathe baby in 37C water
Fennel seed tea
Chamomile tea

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12
Q

How might you help with teething, naturally?

A

Give baby a cold wet muslin to chew
Chilled cucumber/carrot/celery sticks (older children)
Frozen banana
Homemade frozen lollies (breastmilk or berry juice)
Rub gums with a clean finger
Teething tea

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13
Q

Honey must NOT be given to infants under 12 months old. True or false?

A

True

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14
Q

Fevers in children are defined as when core body temperature increases above ____ C

A

38 degrees

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15
Q

________ _________ = infection of the middle ear, often accompanied by cold and flu symptoms and child holding or rubbing their ear

A

Otitis Media

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16
Q

List 2 causes / risk factors for Otitis Media.

A

Early age (Eustachian tube is more horizontal)
Under-functioning immune system
Poor diet
Gut dysbiosis
Food allergies
Environmental irritants
Dental problems
TMJ misalignment

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17
Q

Which food group increases mucus production and should be removed in Otitis Media?

A

Dairy

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18
Q

The urinary system comprises the kidneys, ureters, bladder and _________

A

Urethra

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19
Q

List 3 functions of the urinary system

A

Filter & eliminate wastes
Regulate acid-base balance
Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
Regulate blood volume and pressure
Regulate blood glucose
Activate vitamin D
Provide erythropoietin

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20
Q

Why should high protein diets be avoided when considering kidney health?

A
  • Increases nitrogenous wastes (urea, creatinine, uric acid), increasing kidney demand
  • Increases glomerular filtration rate
  • May cause inflammation
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21
Q

UTI in the kidney is called pyelonephritis; in the bladder ___________; and in the urethra, urethritis.

A

Cystitis

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22
Q

80 - 90% of UTI’s relate to the pathogen ___________

A

E.Coli

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23
Q

List 3 causes / risk factors for urinary tract infection.

A

Female
Menopause
Pregnancy
Sexual activity (in weak terrain)
Elderly
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Antibiotics
Intestinal dysbiosis
Gut-vagina-bladder axis

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24
Q

List the 3 different types of urinary tract infection

A

Pyelonephritis
Cystitis
Urethritis

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25
Q

List 4 things you might do within a natural approach to urinary tract infections

A

Avoid/reduce:
- Simple sugars & refined carbohydrates
- Caffeine
- Diet soft drinks
- Alcohol
- Caffeine and artificial sweeteners
- Red meat, pork, poultry
- Sexual activity (in active infection)
- Irritating body cleaning products

Include:
- Phytonutrients
- Pre and pro biotic foods
- Optimal water intake
- Cranberry juice / powder

26
Q

What dosage of unsweetened cranberry juice or powder would you recommend for supporting UTIs?

A

Cranberry juice: 15-30ml/day
Cranberry powder: 500mg 3 x day

27
Q

Why is cranberry effective in supporting UTIs?

A

Its proanthocyanins reduce bacterial adhesion to the bladder endothelium

28
Q

I what pathology might you recommend D-Mannose supplementation?

A

UTI’s

29
Q

Define interstitial cystitis

A

A chronic inflammatory condition of the bladder characterised by pain and a sense of pressure.

30
Q

Is interstitial cystitis associated with infection?

A

No

31
Q

What are urinary calculi?

A

Formation of crystalline salts and organic matter in the kidney and bladder (like gravel)

32
Q

When might urinary calculi cause pain?

A

If a stone lodges in a ureter

33
Q

There are 4 main types of stones in urinary calculi. Name them.

A

Calcium oxalate (most common)
Calcium phosphate
Uric acid
Struvite

34
Q

What is the most common type of urinary calculi?

A

Calcium oxalate

35
Q

List 3 causes / risk factors for urinary calculi.

A

Dehydration
Altered urinary pH
Dietary acid load (animal protein, dairy, soft drinks)
High table salt intake
Low fibre diet
High dose calcium supplementation
High intake of oxalate-rich foods
High protein intake
Purine-rich foods

36
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

> 95% in the testes (by Leydig cells)
Rest in the adrenals

37
Q

List 2 causes/risk factors of low testosterone

A

Ageing
Chronic stress
Elevated SHBG
Thyroid dysfunction
Zinc deficiency
Increased aromatase
Environmental toxins
Sleep deprivation
Medications

38
Q

Which vitamin increases Lydia cell testosterone production?

A

Vitamin D

39
Q

List 2 herbs that you might use to boost testosterone

A

Ashwagandha
Shatavari

40
Q

How is dihydrotestosterone (DHT) produced?

A

From testosterone by 5a-reductase

41
Q

Which androgen is more potent than testosterone?

A

DHT

42
Q

List 2 signs/symptoms associated with increased DHT levels

A

Acne
Male pattern baldness
Mood (anger)
Prostate disorders

43
Q

List 2 causes of increased 5a-reductase activity

A

Inflammation (poor diet, gut health etc)
Increased insulin
Obesity
Low zinc status
Pesticides
Gene SNP

44
Q

What 3 things might you do to lower DHT?

A

Address inflammation
Stabilise blood glucose levels
Support insulin sensitivity
Reduce adiposity
Eat organic
Zinc
Saw palmetto
Stinging nettle root

45
Q

List 2 causes / risk factors for erectile dysfunction

A

Low testosterone
Stress
Anxiety
Poor diet
Diabetes
Medication-induced
CVD
Low nitric oxide synthesis
Neurogenic

46
Q

Define benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Enlargement of the prostate without the presence of malignancy

47
Q

List 3 signs/symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Urinary frequency
Urinary urgency
Nocturne
Incomplete evacuation
Terminal dribbling

48
Q

What does raised PSA on a blood test indicate?

A

Possible prostate enlargement or inflammation
Usually used in prostate cancer screening

49
Q

The prostate is a gland rich in which mineral?

A

Zinc

50
Q

List 2 things that contribute to the aetiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Higher levels of DHT
Obesity, IR, inflammation, excess alcohol, low zinc
High stress -> smooth muscle cell hyperplasia
Oestrogen-testosterone imbalance (oestrogens increase prostate growth)

51
Q

How might you approach BPH naturally?

A

CNM diet
Focus on zinc-rich foods
Eat organic (pesticides promote DHT)
Lower DHT (saw palmetto, nettle, zinc)
Optimise body weight
Address stress
Remove bladder irritants (e.,g alcohol, caffeine, fizzy drinks, artificial sweeteners)
Eat the rainbow (polyphenols)
Lycopene (inhibits 5a-reductase)
EGCG
Lignans
Reduce excess oestrogens
Physical activity

52
Q

Which medicinal mushroom reduces 5a-reductase, so is useful in BPH?

A

Reishi

53
Q

What is the most common cancer in men aged 50+?

A

Prostate cancer

54
Q

List 3 signs/symptoms of prostate cancer

A

Same as BPH
Haematuria
Blood in ejaculate
Pain on ejaculation
Back pain

55
Q

Why is abdominal obesity a risk factor for prostate cancer?

A

Increases insulin resistance, chronic inflammation and dysregulated sex hormones.

56
Q

List 4 risk factors for prostate cancer

A

Poor diet
Abdominal adiposity
Poor methylation
Increased 5a-reductase activity
Intestinal dysbiosis (increases B-glucaronidase and circulating oestrogens)
Leaky gut (chronic inflammation)
Nutrient deficiencies
SNPs

57
Q

Define prostatitis

A

Inflammation of the prostate with or without infection

58
Q

List 3 signs/symptoms of prostatitis

A

Similar to BPH
Frequent UTI’s
Dysuria
Blood in urine / semen
Discharge from the urethra
Pain on ejaculation
Pain around male genitalia, anus, abdomen and lower back
Fever and malaise

59
Q

List 3 etiological factors in prostatitis

A

Chronic low-grade inflammation
Low immune function
Links with low testosterone
Genitourinary dysbiosis
STD’s

60
Q

List 4 things you might do to support prostatitis naturally.

A

CNM diet
Focus on reducing inflammation / immune support
PGE2 inhibitors - ginger, turmeric, O3, vitamin C
Zinc, selenium, lycopene, saw palmetto, nettle
Quercetin - reduces inflammation, LOX, COX, NF-kB inhibitor
Probiotics and prebiotics

61
Q

What level of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) requires further investigation?

A

> 4 ng/ml

Em NUT2 Semester 2 (9 decks)

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