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Em NUT2 Semester 2 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

List 2 consequences of an over-active immune system

A

Chronic inflammation
Allergy
Autoimmunity

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2
Q

List 3 roles of the immune system

A

Identify and neutralise pathogens
Distinguish between self versus non-self antigens
Distinguish pathological versus non-harmful antigens
Repair the site of any injury or damage
Tumour surveillance

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3
Q

List 3 implications of immune system dysfunction

A

Increased susceptibility to infection
Increased susceptibility to autoimmunity
Allergies and autoimmunity
Insufficient/incomplete repair
Cell damage and inflammation
Inability to recognise and kill abnormal cancer cells

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4
Q

Who put forward ‘Germ Theory?’
What does it suggest?

A

Louis Pasteur
That pathogens cause disease

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5
Q

Who put forward ‘terrain’ theory?

A

Antoine Bechamp
That environment dictates disease (i.e, germs are attracted to the environment of diseased tissue)

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6
Q

Which immune theory helps explain why some people become unwell and others don’t despite the same pathogen exposure?

A

Terrain theory

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7
Q

Name the two arms of the immune system

A

Innate
Acquired / adaptive

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8
Q

The innate immune system is split into 2 categories. Name them.

A

External (first line of defence)
Internal (second line of defence)

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9
Q

The external innate immune system comprises:
1. Physical Barriers
2. Chemical Barriers

True or false?

A

True

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10
Q

List 4 barriers within the innate (external) immune system.

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
Sebum
Sweat
Stomach acid
Tears
Mucus and SIgA
Cerumen
Tissue fluids
Vaginal bacteria

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11
Q

List 4 barriers within the innate (internal) immune system.

A

Phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils)
Mast cells
Fever
Interferons
Complement System
Natural Killer Cells

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12
Q

List 4 barriers within the acquired immune system.

A

CD4 cells
T Helper Cells (Th1, Th2, Th17, T-regulatory)
B cells

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13
Q

Which arm of the immune system activates inflammation and neutrophils, and suppresses immune activation?

A

Acquired immune system

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14
Q

List 3 things that effective immunity is dependant upon

A
  • Healthy barrier tissue integrity
  • Presence of antimicrobial secretions (tears, saliva, mucus, etc)
  • Probiotic bacteria on epithelial surfaces
  • Concentrated point-of-entry immune activity (i.e, MALT and GALT)
  • Mobilisation of leukocytes
  • Inflammation
  • Antigen presentation
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15
Q

Where would you find MALT and GALT?

A

Tonsils
Peyer’s patches

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16
Q

List 3 leukocytes

A

Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Neutrophils
Mast cells

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17
Q

Are antigen presenting cells contained within the innate or acquired immune system?

A

Innate (internal)

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18
Q

Many innate immune cells act as antigen presenting cells to the adaptive immune system, which then supports with a more tailored response to a specific threat. True or false?

A

True

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19
Q

After antigen presentation, naive ____________ cells can differentiate into either Th1, Th2, Th17 or T-reg cells.

A

T-helper

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20
Q

Th__ cells defend against intracellular pathogens (e.g, viruses)

A

Th1

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21
Q

Th__ cells defend against extracellular threats (e.g., parasites)

A

Th2

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22
Q

Which cytokine is associated with differentiation of T-helper cells into Th1?

A

IL-12

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23
Q

Which cytokines are associated with differentiation of T-helper cells into Th2?

A

IL2, 4, 5

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24
Q

Th17 cells defend against extracellular pathogens. True or false?

A

True

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25
Q

Which cytokines are associated with differentiation of T-helper cells into Th17?

A

IL-1, IL-6, TGF-b

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26
Q

What is the function of T-reg cells?

A

Modulate and deactivate the immune response.

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27
Q

Where do the majority of peripherally produced T-reg cells originate?

A

In the GALT

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28
Q

T-reg cells produce 2 cytokines which are inhibitory to helper T-cells. What are they?

A

TGF-b and IL-10

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29
Q

Either acquired pathway (Th1 / Th2) can down regulate the other, leading to a see-saw effect, referred to as Th1 / Th2 dominance. True or false?

A

True

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30
Q

Th__ dominance drives chronic inflammation and autoimmunity.

A

Th1

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31
Q

Th__ dominance drives allergies (i.e, asthmas / atopic triad)

A

Th2

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32
Q

The optimal acquired immune scenario is a well balanced Th1 and Th2 response, balanced via the T-regulatory cells and various nutrients to down- or up-regulate the balance.
True or false?

A

True

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33
Q

List 3 clinical indications of low immunity.

A

Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Weight loss
Fevers
Chills
Aches and pains
Enlarged lymph nodes

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34
Q

What tests could you run to check for low immunity?

A

WBC (blood)
SIgA (stool or saliva)
Pathogen/antibody testing (blood, urine, stool, microbiome)

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35
Q

List 3 causes / risk factors for low immunity

A
  • Hygiene hypothesis - low pathogen exposure in childhood
  • Bottle fed
  • Poor nutrition (refined sugars, alcohol)
  • Nutrient deficiencies
  • Poor gut microbiome
  • Immunosuppressant drugs
  • Impaired barrier defences
  • Emotional, chemical and physical stress (increased cortisol)
  • Poor sleep
  • Heavy metal toxicity
  • Blood glucose dysregulation
  • Poor energy delivery systems (i.e, CFS)
  • Disrupted methylation
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36
Q

Neonates are born with a TH__ immune bias.

A

Th2 (allergy)

37
Q

List 3 key nutrient deficiencies you may find in cases of low immunity.

A

Vit C, A, D
Zinc

38
Q

List 3 drugs that can cause low immunity

A

Corticosteroids
PPIs
NSAIDs
Immune suppressants (methotrexate)

39
Q

Why is effective methylation important for immune function?

A

The folate cycle is important for DNA synthesis and repair

40
Q

A VDR gene SNP results in lower sensitivity to vitamin ___

A

Vit D

41
Q

A VDBP gene SNP results in less effective binding / transport of vitamin __

A

Vit D

42
Q

What role does vitamin D play in immunity?

A

Induces cathelicidin antibacterial peptide
Represses inflammatory cytokines

43
Q

List 3 ways to support immunity

A

CNM Naturopathic diet
Reduce/eliminate sugar, alcohol, coffee
Maintain a healthy weight
Regular activity, especially outdoors
Support sleep
Reduce stress
Reduce toxic exposure
Prioritise GI health

44
Q

What role does vitamin A play in immune support?

A

Supports lymphatic tissues and immune cells

45
Q

A deficiency in vitamin __ is associated with severe respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia.

A

Vitamin A

46
Q

Vitamin __ supports the innate and adaptive immune systems. Deficiency = higher susceptibility to infections.

A

Vitamin C

47
Q

Which mineral inhibits viral replication, permeability of barriers and increases anti-viral immune defences?

A

Zinc

48
Q

Which probiotics can boost SIgA?

A

Saccharomyces boullardii
Lactobacilli spp

49
Q

Which vitamin enhances the innate immune system, increases T-reg cells and dampens excessive immune responses?

A

Vitamin D

50
Q

Which vitamin is needed to activate vitamin D?

A

Vitamin A
Combined use of vitamin A and D reduces inflammation much more effectively and protects tissues from oxidative stress.

51
Q

Which nutrient, found in medicinal mushrooms and oats, exert immune-modulating and anti-tumour effects?

A

Beta glucans

52
Q

Which medicinal mushroom increases immune cells and is cytotoxic to cancer cells?

A

Reishi

53
Q

________ is good for use in herpes simplex infection, so can help cold sores.

A

L-lysine

54
Q

Which amino acid completes with lysine, so should be avoided if cold sores present?

A

Arginine

55
Q

What is cytokine storm syndrome?

A

Immune hyper-responsiveness.
An excess of pro-inflammatory cytokines

56
Q

What is metaflammation?

A

Constant low-grade inflammatory state driven by metabolic state

57
Q

List 3 co-morbidities that significantly increase the risk of COVID-19

A

Obesity
Diabetes mellitus
CVD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

58
Q

List 3 nutrients beneficial in covid / long covid

A

Quercetin
Resveratrol
Turmeric
Berberine
NAC
Vit D
Colloidal silver
Lugols iodine via salt pipe
Anti-microbial herbs - oregano, garlic, thyme, sage

59
Q

Which tests might you run for inflammation?

A

CRP
hs-CRP
ESR
Fibrinogen
Vitamin D
Omega 3:6
Genetic testing

60
Q

_____________ are locally-acting hormone-like pro-inflammatory messengers made by the oxidation of omega 3 and 6 fats in cell membranes.

A

Eicosanoids

61
Q

Name 3 types of eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes
Leukotrienes
Prostacyclins
Lipoxins

62
Q

Which inflammatory eicosanoid promotes vasodilation, platelet aggregation, histamine and kinin release?.

A

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)

63
Q

Which eicosanoids are made via the COX pathway?

A

Prostaglandins
Prostacyclins
Thromboxanes

64
Q

Which eicosanoids are made via the LOX pathway?

A

Leukotrienes

65
Q

How does the western diet and lifestyle drive chronic inflammation?

A

High refined sugar increases free radicals and AGEs
High omega 6 / low omega 3 increases PGE2
Bacteria in poor quality processed, pre-chopped foods
Obesity

66
Q

What do the FADS1 and FADS2 genes code for?

A

delta-5 and delta-6 desaturase enzymes
(fatty acid conversion)

67
Q

List 4 risk factors for chronic inflammation

A

Chronic stress
Poor sleep
Excess exercise / inadequate recovery
Oxidative stress - pollution, smoking, alcohol
High toxic load
Metabolic endotoxaemia
Sex hormone imbalance
Persistent / latent infection

68
Q

List 4 supplements that may be used in chronic inflammation

A

Turmeric
Curcumin
Ginger
Plant sterols
Boswellia
Pine bark
Grapeseed
EFA’s (esp. EPA)
Vitamin D
Quercetin
Reishi
Probiotics
Zinc, Mg, B3, B6, vit C

69
Q

Autoimmunity is present in healthy individuals to eliminate degraded self antigens but comes pathological if there is a breakdown in…

A

Self tolerance

70
Q

Some autoimmune diseases are organ specific, whilst some are __________

A

Systemic

71
Q

Give an example of a systemic autoimmune disease

A

SLE
Systemic lupus erthymatosis

72
Q

In ‘Central Tolerance’, where are self-reactive lymphocytes deleted?

A

In the thymus

73
Q

In pregnancy, Th__ immunity predominates.

A

Th2

74
Q

Why might systemic autoimmune diseases like SLE be relieved by pregnancy?

A

Because systemic autoimmune conditions are characterised by Th2 dominant cytokine production and during pregnancy, Th1 predominates, bringing relief.

75
Q

Which Complex encodes cell surface proteins (HLAs) and plays a key role in antigen presentation?

A

The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

76
Q

Dysfunction of what, is associated with autoimmune disease>

A

The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

77
Q

Why should wheat be avoided in thyroid autoimmune diseases?

A

Because gliadin in wheat is a molecular mimicker of transglutaminase, which is abundant in the thyroid gland.

78
Q

List 3 risk factors for autoimmunity

A
  • Emotional trauma (resulting in immune dysregulation)
  • Infection
  • Gluten
  • Environmental toxins
  • Vitamin D deficiency
  • Dysbiosis
  • Intestinal permeability
  • Gender (female)
79
Q

_______ is a key food source of molecular mimicry and inducer of intestinal permeability.

A

Gluten

80
Q

What 3 things make up the autoimmune triad?

A

Genes
Environment
Immune Regulation

81
Q

________ = a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by autoantibody response to nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens, causing multi-system dysfunction.

A

SLE
Systemic Lupus Erythematosis

82
Q

List 4 signs/symptoms of SLE

A

Fatigue
Joint inflammation
Seizures
Renal damage
Photosensitivity
Malaise
Fever
Butterfly rash on face

83
Q

How is SLE diagnosed?

A

By the presence of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA)

84
Q

Babies are born with a heightened th___ response, potentially predisposing them to allergic reactions.

A

Th2

85
Q

What is the key mechanism in allergic disease?

A

Heightened Th2 response

86
Q

List 2 things that may exacerbate high histamine.

A

Poor detoxification
High histamine diet

87
Q

List 4 supplements you may choose to use in allergy cases

A

Quercetin (anti-histamine)
Nettle leaf (anti-histamine)
EPA
Probiotics
Vit D
Magnesium
Vit C

88
Q
A

Em NUT2 Semester 2 (9 decks)

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