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Em NUT2 Semester 2 > Cancer Support > Flashcards

Cancer Support Flashcards

1
Q

Cancers are as a result of the interaction of genetics, epigenetics and ___________ of the individual.

A

Environment

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2
Q

Cancer is also suggested to be due to _________ failure, as a result of:
- lack of oxygen and nutrients
- Toxins
- Stress
- Cellular defects

A

Mitochondrial failure

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3
Q

Define cancer

A

Cells that have acquired the ability to multiply and spread without the usual biologic restraints

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4
Q

What is the unregulated growth in cancer caused by?

A

Damage to DNA, resulting in mutations to genes that control cell division

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5
Q

List 3 cellular characteristics associated with cancer

A

Mitochondrial failure/damage
Increased DNA damage
Increased activity of chemokines
Increased activity of cytokines
Increased hormonally driven activity
Alteration in cell-cycle activity
Activation of otherwise silent oncogenes
Genomic instability

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6
Q

Cancer cells are cells that have altered function. True or false?

A

True

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7
Q

List 3 alterations in function of cancer cells

A

Self-renewal
Self-sufficiency in growth signals
Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
Limitless replicative potential
Evasion of apoptosis
Ability to produce sustained angiogenesis
Ability to invade and metastasize

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8
Q

Dysregulation of which process is essential for cancer development and tumour cell survival?

A

Apoptosis

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9
Q

The stage of a particular cancer is based on the tumour’s size and location and whether it has spread. True or false?

A

True.

Stage 1 - local tissue involvement
Stage 2 - surrounding tissues / lymph nodes
Stage 3 - spread to distant lymph nodes
Stage 4 - Spread to distant organs / body parts

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10
Q

What are oncogenes and what do they code for?

A

Oncogenes are genes that code for one of the typical behaviours of cancer cells.
e.g,
Growth
Non-responsiveness to stop signals
Failure of apoptosis
Invasion
Metastasis

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11
Q

What makes oncogenes become active?

A

A mutation (may be inherited)
Epigenetic modifications (usually due to loss of methylation)

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12
Q

List 2 dietary carcinogens

A

Aflatoxins
Heterocyclic amines
N-nitroso compounds
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)

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13
Q

List 3 cancer progression promoters

A

Excess and damaged fats
Excess protein (increases IGF-1)
Excess omega 6
Alflatoxins
Heterocyclic amines
N-nitroso compounds
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)

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14
Q

The ________ __________ produced during the cooking of meat are carcinogenic.

A

Heterocyclic amines

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15
Q

Why is common table salt carcinogenic.

A

Stripped of all it’s minerals
Adding of carcinogenic anti-caking agent

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16
Q

Diets high in salted foods and table salt increase the risk of ________ cancer

A

Stomach cancer

17
Q

Alcohol is an indépendant risk factor for which cancers?

A

Upper digestive tract cancers
Liver
Breast
Colon

18
Q

List 3 types of cancer associated with obesity

A

Colorectal cancer
Breast cancer
Endometrial cancer

19
Q

List 2 reasons why/how obesity may contribute to cancer risk.

A

Changes hormone metabolism
Raises oestrogen levels -> cell proliferation
Promotes oxidative DNA damage
Facilitates alteration in carcinogens
Changes insulin metabolism -> increased IGF-1
Negatively affects the immune system
Raises leptin -> cell proliferation
Increases inflammation -> angiogenesis increased

20
Q

How do phytochemicals and other compounds like vitamin C play a pivotal role in cancer prevention?

A
  • Inhibit carcinogen formation from precursor substances
  • Increase metabolic detoxification of carcinogens
  • Prevent carcinogens from interacting with DNA and RNA
21
Q

What is the ideal ratio of omega 6:3?

A

3-1:1

22
Q

List 3 types of cancer that fibre is protective against

A

Colorectal
Stomach
Ovarian
Endometrial
Breast

23
Q

How much fibre is needed per day for cancer prevention?

A

30 - 35g minimum

24
Q

How does fibre contribute to lower cancer risk?

A
  • Increases transit time (decreases exposure to carcinogens)
  • Reduces insulin levels
  • Reduces serum oestrogen concentration
  • Dilutes bile acids
25
Q

How to phytonutrients contribute to lower cancer risk?

A

Antioxidant
Promote synthesis of detoxification enzymes
Act as anti-proliferative agents
Angiogenesis inhibitors
Immune stimulants

26
Q

A low fat vegan diet is almost as effective as drugs in decreasing the inflammation marker CRP. True or false?

A

True

27
Q

Vitamin B17 is also known as _____________

A

Amygdalin
(From apple/apricot seeds)

28
Q

Why does chemotherapy lead to increased risk of secondary cancers?

A

Because chemotherapy kills tumour cells but NOT cancer stem cells

29
Q

How does radiation work?

A

It destroys rapidly dividing cells by damaging DNA

30
Q
A

Em NUT2 Semester 2 (9 decks)

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