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Microbiology > Skin infections (bacterial) > Flashcards

Skin infections (bacterial) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name a commensal bacterium which can causes skin infections?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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2
Q

Where is commensal staph aureus found?

A

Nose
Armpits
Groin

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3
Q

What is the gram stain for staph aureus? Give some characteristics

A

Gram positive
Stains purple
Encapsulated
Produces toxins

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4
Q

Name four toxins produced by staph aureus

A

Panton Valentine Leucocidin (PVL)
Exfoliative toxin
Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST 1)
Enterotoxin

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5
Q

What does the Panton Valentine Leucocidin toxin from Staph Aureus cause?

A

Necrotising soft tissue infection

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6
Q

What do exfoliative toxins from staph aureus cause in babies and in young children and adults?

A

Blistering infections
Babies: scalded skin syndrome
Children and adults: bullous impetigo

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7
Q

What do the toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST 1) from staph aureus cause?

A

Septicaemia

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8
Q

What does the enterotoxin cause?

A

Diarrhoea if someone infected with it on their hands then touches food

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9
Q

What are the other sites of infection by staph aureus, besides skin?

A

Bone
Joint
Lung (post-flu staph pneumonia)
Blood (sepsis)

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10
Q

If the infection is in the top layer of the skin (epidermis), what is this caused?

A

Impetigo

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11
Q

If it is an infection of the hair follicle, what is this caused?

A

Folliculitis

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12
Q

What do you call an infection of the full thickness of the epidermis (often necrotising)?

A

Ecythma

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13
Q

If it’s a puss producing infection of the hair follicle, what do you call it?

A

Boil

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14
Q

If several adjacent abscess producing hair follicles are connected, what do you call this?

A

Carbuncle

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15
Q

Describe the appearance of impetigo

A

Honey coloured crusty infection of top layer of skin

aureus = golden

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16
Q

Where does staph aureus impetigo commonly affect children?

A

Mouth

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17
Q

What do you call it when you get a staph aureus infection secondary to a skin disease e.g. eczema

A

Impetiginisation

18
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of bullous impetigo

A

Exfoliative toxin produced by the staph causes splitting of the skin (bullous formation).

The pus is formed by proliferating bacteria

19
Q

Describe the appearance of ecthyma

A

Thick, crusty, necrotic dead skin

20
Q

What is eschar?

A

A dry dark scab or falling away of dead skin, typically caused by a burn, insect bite or anthrax infection

21
Q

Who is at risk of ecthyma?

A

Immunosuppressed individuals

22
Q

What do you call the staph infection of skin in babies?

A

Scalded skin syndrome

23
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of scalded skin syndrome

A

Exfoliative toxin causes layers of skin to peel

24
Q

How is scalded skin syndrome usually treated?

A

Methicillin (except for if it’s MRSA)

25
Q

What is the American name for methicillin?

A

Flucloxacillin

26
Q

Name a spiral shaped bacteria causing skin infections

A

Treponema pallidum

27
Q

What is treponema pallidum more commonly known as?

A

Syphilis

28
Q

What is the gram stain of treponema pallidum? Describe the appearance

A

Gram negative; spiral shaped

29
Q

What are the stages/classifications of syphilis infection?

A 
Primary 
Secondary 
Latent 
Tertiary
Congenital
30
Q

Describe the time frame and appearance of primary syphilis

A

3-8w

Painless ulcer at inoculation site (genitals or mouth)

31
Q

What is the serology and swab result of primary syphilis?

A

Serology - negative

Swab - positive

32
Q

Describe the time frame and appearance and symptoms of secondary syphilis

A

6-12w
Disseminated infection
Generalised rash
Lymphadenopathy

33
Q

Where do the rashes commonly appear in secondary syphilis?

A

Palms
Soles
Peri-anal region

34
Q

What are the appearances of the rashes in secondary syphilis?

A

Can be a widespread maculopapular rash
Or a small red rash
Or look like sticky out-y lesions that look like warts

35
Q

What do you call these sticky out-y lesions in secondary syphilis?

A

Condyloma lata

36
Q

Why is it thought that brothels worked under red lights?

A

The red rashes wouldn’t be visible…

37
Q

What is the serology and swab result in secondary syphilis and what can be seen in biopsies?

A

Positive blood test
Positive swab
Teeming with plasma cells

38
Q

Describe the time frame and appearance and symptoms of tertiary syphilis

A 
Years later
Destructive bone lesions 
Destructive skin lesions
Thoracic aneurysm 
Neurosyphilis
39
Q

Describe the effects of congenital syphilis cause on pregnancy

A

Miscarriage
Still birth
Prematurity

40
Q

Describe the time frame of symptom onset in congenital syphilis

A

Can be early or late manifestations

41
Q

What are the symptoms of congenital syphilis in the baby?

A 
Bone disease
Rashes
Brain and neurological problems 
Saddle shaped nose
Peg like teeth 
Blindness
42
Q

Describe the time frame and appearance and symptoms of latent syphilis

A

NO CLINICAL SIGNS

Microbiology (8 decks)

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