Community Acquired Infections

Question 1

List six categories of communicable diseases

Answer 1

Respiratory tract infections
STDs
Vaccine-preventable
Resistant and hospital acquired infections 
Emerging and vector borne
Food+water borne, and zoonoses

Question 2

List 5 respiratory tract infections

Answer 2

Influenza
Animal influenzas
TB
SARS
Legionnaire's disease

Question 3

Which bacterium causes legionnaire’s disease and how is this transmitted?

Answer 3

Legionella pneumophila

Transmitted via aerosols/ breathing in water droplets

Question 4

Is legionella gram positive or negative?

Answer 4

LegioNella is Gram NEGATIVE

Question 5

What virulence factors does legionella employ and what is the consequence?

Answer 5

Type 4 secretion systems, allow legionella to replicate inside a legionella-containing-vacuole LCV

Question 6

Is TB gram positive or negative?

Answer 6

TB is Gram posiTive

Question 7

What is the difference between gram negative and gram positive bacteria?

Answer 7

Gram Positive bacteria stain Purple because their lack of outer membrane means they retain the stain.

Gram +ve have peptidoglycan cell walls

Gram -ve have a cell wall surrounding their peptidoglycan layer

Question 8

Why is TB hard to treat?

Answer 8

It has an extra lipid layer within its cell wall, and it can enter dormant states.

Question 9

List 6 STDs

Answer 9

Chlamydia 
Syphilis
HIV
Gonorrhoea 
Hep B
Hep C

Question 10

Which bacterium causes chlamydia?

Answer 10

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 11

Which bacterium causes gonorrhoea?

Answer 11

Neisseria gonorrhoea

Question 12

Which bacterium causes syphilis?

Answer 12

Treponema pallidum

Question 13

Name 3 gram negative STDs

Answer 13

Chylamdia trachomatis
Neisseria gonorrhoea
Treponema pallidum

Question 14

What is the most common STI in Europe and what can this cause?

Answer 14

Chlamydia trachomatis

Can cause eye infections

Question 15

Neisseria gonorrhoea interacts with which cells?

Answer 15

Interacts with non-ciliated epithelial cells in urogenital tract

Question 16

Name 4 important virulence factors of Neisseria gonorrhoea

Answer 16

Escapes detection
Escapes immune clearance
Pili
Antigenic variation

Question 17

Name three important food and water borne diseases and state their gram staining and what they cause

Answer 17

Campylobacter jejuni (campylobacteriosis)
Salmonella species (salmonellosis)
Vibrio cholerae (cholera)

All three are gram negative

Question 18

Who is at highest risk of campylobacter and what does it cause and what is the mode of transmission?

Answer 18

Children 0-4yo
Infectious GI disease
Via undercooked poultry

Question 19

Name 4 virulence factors for campylobacter species

Answer 19

Flagella
T4 secretion system
Toxin
Adhesion and invasion factors

Question 20

Which secretion system does salmonella use and what is this encoded on?

Answer 20

Type 3 secretion systems, encoded on pathogenicity islands (SPI)

Question 21

What is SPI 1 required for in salmonella?

Answer 21

SP1 is required for invasion

Question 22

What is SPI 2 required for in salmonella?

Answer 22

SP2 is required for intracellular accumulation

Question 23

List two virulence factors of Vibrio cholera and what they are encoded on

Answer 23

Type 4 fimbria
Cholera toxin

Carried on phages

Question 24

List a food and water borne bacterium which immunocompromised people are particularly susceptible to

Answer 24

Listeria monocytogenes

Question 25

List three groups of people at risk of listeria monocytogenes?

Answer 25

Elderly people Pregnant ladies and their fetus Immunocompromised people

Question 26

Which cells does listeria enter?

Answer 26

Non-phagocytic cells

Question 27

Which three tight barriers can listeria cross?

Answer 27

Intestinal barrier BBB Maternal/foetal barrier

Question 28

List some emerging and vector borne diseases

Answer 28

``` Malaria Plague Smallpox Viral haemorrhagic fever West Nile fever Yellow fever SARS Q fever ```

Question 29

List two gram negative emerging and vector borne diseases

Answer 29

``` Plague (Yersinia pestis) Q fever (Coxiella burnetti) ```

Question 30

Which organism causes Q fever?

Answer 30

Coxiella burnetti

Question 31

Which organism causes plague?

Answer 31

Yersinia pestis

Question 32

List three gram positive vaccine preventable diseases

Answer 32

Diphtheria Invasive pneumococcal disease Tetanus

Question 33

What causes diphtheria?

Answer 33

Clostridium diphtheriae

Question 34

What causes invasive pneumococcal disease?

Answer 34

Strep pneumoniae

Question 35

What causes tetanus?

Answer 35

Clostridium tetani

Question 36

List three gram negative vaccine preventable diseases

Answer 36

Invasive haemophilus influenzae Invasive meningococcal disease Pertussis

Question 37

What causes invasive meningococcal disease?

Answer 37

Neisseria meningitidis

Question 38

What causes pertussis ?

Answer 38

Bordetella pertussis

Question 39

List some other vaccine preventable diseases

Answer 39

``` Measles Mumps Rubella Polio Rabies ```

Question 40

Name two totally eliminated diseases due to vaccines

Answer 40

Smallpox | Poliomyelitis