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Year 2 - microbiology > skin infections > Flashcards

skin infections Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the features of Staphylococcus aureus?

A
  • gram-positive bacteria
  • commensal in 30% of humans
  • colonization in the nose axilla and groin
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2
Q

what skin infections does Staphylococcus aureus cause?

A
  • impetigo (golden crusting)
  • folliculitis (causes abscesses)
  • ecthyma (thick-crusted necrotic lesions)
  • boils and (carbuncles = cluster of boils)
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3
Q

what diseases does Staphylococcus aureus cause when it produces toxins?

what are the different types of toxins produced?

A

- Staphylococcal Scalded Skin syndrome

affects children under the age of 5

(Exfoliative toxin)

- Toxic shock Syndrome

(Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1)

- Food poisoning

  • Necrotizing soft tissue infections

(Enterotoxin)

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4
Q

How to treat an infection with Staphylococcus aureus?

A
  • antibiotic treatment
  • treated with Flucloxacillin
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5
Q

how is infection with Staphylococcus aureus diagnosed?

A
  • taken with a swab
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6
Q

what are the features of Treponema pallidum?

A
  • a gram negative spirochaete
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7
Q

what does Treponema pallidum cause?

A
  • syphilis
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8
Q

what are the stages of syphilis?

A
  • Primary – painless ulcers at the site of inoculation
  • Secondary - disseminated infection with rash
  • Latent – asymptomatic period.
  • Tertiary – affects the skin, nervous and vascular tissue can also cause thoracic aneurysms
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9
Q

how can syphilis be transmitted?

A
  • sexually transmitted
  • transmitted through the placenta causing congenital syphilis
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10
Q

what are features of congenital syphilis?

A

Miscarriage

Still birth

Prematurity

Rashes

Brain and neurological problems

Bone disease

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11
Q

how to diagnose syphilis?

A
  • swab
  • blood test and serology
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12
Q

treatment for syphilis?

A

antibiotics

normally penicillin

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13
Q

what kind of viruses are herpes viruses?

A

Members of the human herpes virus

DNA virus

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14
Q

what are the two types of the herpes virus? what are their features?

A
  • Type 1 – causes oral infections
  • Type 2 – causes genital infections.
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15
Q

clinical presentation of the herpes virus?

A
  • painful vesicular rash (fades after 2-4 weeks)
  • eczema herpeticum
  • herpes encephalitis
  • remains latent in the nervous system so in times of stress it reemerges
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16
Q

how is herpes virus transmitted?

A

Transmission by direct contact

17
Q

how is herpes treated?

A

there is no vaccine available

treated with anti-viral medication such as acyclovir

18
Q

what are the features of the Varicella-Zoster Virus?

A
  • it is another version of the human herpes virus
19
Q

what are the features of the primary infection with VZV?

A
  • causes chickenpox
  • fever and malaise followed by a vesicular rash that usually lasts for 2 weeks and then becomes latent
  • Can reactivate later on in life as shingles.
20
Q

how does shingles present?

A
  • painful vesicular rash along a dermatome
  • There can be serious consequences if CN V ophthalmic branch affected (blindness)
21
Q

what is the treatment for VZV?

A
  • vaccine available
  • anti-viral medication can be given
22
Q

Features of Trichophytum?

A
  • A common cause of superficial fungal infections
  • It is a dermatophyte = a type of fungus that particularly affects parts of the body that have keratin
23
Q

what are fungal clinical infections called? examples?

A

Tinea… something

Tinea capitis -eg. Kerion

Tinea manuum - a fungal infection that affects the dorsum of the hand.

24
Q

example of Yeast infection?

A

candida (grows in warm wet places)

25
Q

what are the main clinical manifestations of fungal infections?

A
  • eryhthromatous (red) scaly rash on skin
  • discoloured or crumbly nails.
26
Q

how to treat fungal skin infections?

A

anti-fungal medications such as Terbinafine.

27
Q

what is scabies caused by?

A
  • A skin infestation by the mite Sarcoptes scabei.
28
Q

what is the pathogenesis of scabies?

A
  • The mite burrows into the surface of the skin
  • exposure to the mite faeces causes a delayed-type allergic reaction resulting in a widespread eczematous rash (very itchy)
  • this occurs 4 weeks after the first infestation
29
Q

clinical features of scabies?

A
  • very itchy
  • The burrow sites are usually at genital regions, nipples, wrists, finger webs, the instep of feet, axilla
  • often causes a secondary bacterial infection
30
Q

how is scabies transmitted?

A

skin-skin contact

31
Q

how is scabies treated?

A

topical systemic insecticides.

Year 2 - microbiology (7 decks)

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