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Year 2 - microbiology > Parasitic infections > Flashcards

Parasitic infections Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define infection?
define disease ?
what is the difference?

A

infection : invasion by and growth of pathogenic microorganisms within the body

disease : a disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part structure or system of the body resulting from the effect of genetic or developmental errors, infection poisons nutritional deficiency or imbalance toxicity or unfavourable environmental factors, illness, sickness or ailments

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2
Q

define a parasite?

A

organism living in or on a host and dependent on it for nutrition - normally causing damage

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3
Q

what are the two different types of parasite?

A

Endoparasites- exist inside the host

Ectoparasites - exist ON the host

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4
Q

what are the types of endoparasites?

A 
Protozoa eg.
•  Amoeba
• Coccidia 
• Ciliates 
• Flagellates

Metazoa eg.
•Roundworms
•Flatworms
• Flukes

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5
Q

what is a protozoa?

A
  • These are SINGLE celled organisms
  • They are eukaryotes
    (they have their genome within a membrane bound
    nucleus and there are complex organelles in the cytoplasm)
  • NO eosinophilia
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6
Q

what is a Metazoa?

A
  • MULTICELLULAR organisms
  • They are worms
  • Free living, intermediate hosts and vectors
  • some inhabit the gut (geohelminths) others invade the tissue
  • There is eosinophilia if they invade the blood
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7
Q 
what parasitic class is amoebae?
what are examples?

how does it cause infection?

A

Amoeba eg. Entamoeba histolytica

  • infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts in food or hands contaminated by faeces
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8
Q

how common is infection by Entamoeba histolytica ?

A
  • very common 10% of world infected
  • It is the third most common cause of death of parasitic infections
  • especially common in warm climate
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9
Q

what are the symptoms of infection with Entamoeba histolytica?

A
  • 90% of infections are asymptomatic
  • remaining 10% causes symptoms like intense diarrhoea
  • Incubation period may be as long as 7 days
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10
Q

how do the cysts infect humans?

A
  • the cysts enter the s. intestine and release active amoebic parasites
  • these invade the epithelial cells of the large intestine causing flask shaped ulcers
  • the infection can then spread to other organs
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11
Q

how to diagnose Entamoeba histolytica ?

A
  • wet mount

- look for cysts

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12
Q

what is the treatment for Entamoeba histolytica ?

A

NITROIMIDAZOLE derivatives = act on the trophozoite but not on the cysts
- PARMOMYCINE or DILOXANIDE FUROATE

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13
Q

what is the difference in structure of mature cyst and immature cyst?

A

mature cyst: 4 nuclei

immature cyst : 1-3 nuclei

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14
Q

what are Coccidial infections in humans?

A

zoonoses

from animals

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15
Q

what are examples of Coccidial organisms?

A

Plasmodium species = malaria
Toxoplasma = toxoplasmosis (dangerous for foetus)
Cryptosporidium = diarrhoea

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16
Q

what are the different types of plasmodium in Malaria

A 
Malariae
Falciparum
Ovale  
Vivax  
Knowlesi
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17
Q

what are the two types of host in malaria?

A

Humans

Female anopheles mosquito

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18
Q

what are the two stages of malaria infection in humans?

A

Liver

Blood

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19
Q

symptoms of malaria?

when do symptoms occur?

A

symptoms can occur as early as 7 days or as late as a year

main symptoms : 
• Fever  
• Headache  
• Chills  
• Vomiting  
• Muscle pain  
• paroxysmal (happens every 4-8 hours)
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20
Q

what are complications of malaria?

A
  • Severe anaemia
  • Cerebral malaria
  • Liver failure
  • Shock
  • Pulmonary oedema
  • Abnormally low blood sugar
  • Kidney failure
  • Swelling and rupturing of the spleen
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21
Q

what are treatments for malaria?
mild
severe

A

MILD
•Chloroquine (main one)
•Atovaquone-proguanil
•Artemether-lumefantrine •Quine sulfate

plus one of the following: 
Doxycycline  
• Tetracycline  
• Clindamycine quinine sulfate  
• Mefloquine

SEVERE
Artemisinin based combination therapy (ACT)

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22
Q

Toxoplasma gondii route of infection to humans

A
  • eating undercooked meat of animals with tissue cysts
  • food or water with cat faeces
  • Blood transfusion
  • organ transfusion
  • Contaminated environmental samples
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23
Q

immunocompromised patients infected with Toxoplasma gondii

A

might develop CNS disease, brain lesions, pneumonitis or retinochoroiditis

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24
Q 
Cryptosporidium
symtoms 
diagnosis  
treatment 
vulnerable people
A
  • Causes diarrhoea in humans
  • stool examination
  • fluid rehydration
  • common in HIV
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25
Q

example of Ciliates?

A

Balantidium coli causes balantidiasis

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26
Q

what are the Reservoir hosts of Balantidium coli?

A

Pigs
Rodents
Primates

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27
Q

symptoms of balantidiasis ?

A
  • most patients are asymptomatic
  • immunocompromised patients may experience the following symptoms:
    Persistent diarrhoea
    Dysentery
    abdominal pain
    weight loss
    vomiting

if untreated might cause perforation of the colon can occur

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28
Q

how to diagnose balantidiasis?

A

stool examination

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29
Q

example of Flagellates?

A

Giardia lamblia

which causes GIARDIASIS

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30
Q

how do Flagellates infect?

A
  • Flagellated trophozoites attach by their suckers to the surface of duodenal or jejunal mucosa
  • they can survive standard chlorination procedure
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31
Q

main symptoms of Flagellates?

A
  • diarrhoea
  • greasy stools
  • stomach cramps
  • dehydration
32
Q

diagnosis and treatment of Flagellates?

A

stool examination

METRONIDAZOLE

33
Q

how is Trichomoniasis transmitted?

where is most of the infection?

A
  • sexually

- most of the infection is in the urethra

34
Q

symptoms of trichomoniasis in females

A

10-50% are asymptomatic
Vaginal discharge
Vulval itching
Dysuria or offensive odour

35
Q

symptoms of trichomoniasis in males?

A

15-50% are asymptomatic
Discharge
Dysuria

36
Q

what are complications of Trichomoniasis?

A
  • bad outcome of pregnancy

- associated withe low birth weight

37
Q

association of Trichomoniasis with HIV?

A
  • trichomonas infection may enhance HIV transmission

- there is also increased risk of trichomonas vaginalis in those who are HIV positive

38
Q

diagnosis and treatment of Trichomoniasis?

A
  • Microscopy and Trichomonas rapid test

- treatment METRONIDAZOLE

39
Q

what are Helminths?

A

Complex MULTICELLULAR parasites

40
Q

who are the hosts in Helminths?

A

humans are the definitive host

few are animals

41
Q

how do the Helminths multiply

A
  • Adult worms cannot multiply in man

- they lay eggs, microfilaria, larvae

42
Q

who do Helminths affect the most?

A

large burden of worms in school aged children

43
Q

types of roundworms?
types of flatworms?
types of flukes?

A 
Roundworms: 
Ascais 
Hookworm 
filaria 
strongyloides

Flatworms:
Taenia (tapeworms)

Flukes :
Schistosoma

44
Q

what is Ascariasis?

A
  • Type of roundworm
  • Adult worms live in the lumen of the small intestine
  • they lay eggs which are passed to the faeces
  • eggs become infective after 18 days to several weeks
  • develop into adult worms in small intestine
  • Adult worms can live 1-2 years
45
Q

symptoms of Ascariasis?

A

Often ASYMPTOMATIC

  • large number of worms might cause abdominal pain or intestinal obstruction
  • might cause malnourishment
  • penetration of larvae into lungs can cause Loeffler’s pneumonia
  • Loeffler’s pneumonia = pools of blood and epithelial cells clog the air spaces in the lungs
46
Q

diagnosis of Ascariasis?

A

stool examination

47
Q

treatment of Ascariasis?

A

ALBENDAZOLE or MEBENDAZOLE

48
Q

what does hookworm cause?

A
  • This can cause iron deficiency anaemia due to localised bleeding
  • They penetrate into the pulmonary alveoli ascend the bronchial tree into the pharynx and are swallowed
  • the larvae reach the small intestine and develop into adult worms
  • Adult worms live in the lumen of the small intestine where they attach to the intestinal wall and cause bleeding
  • also causes cardiac issues
  • GI issues
49
Q

diagnosis of hookworm ?

treatment of hookworm?

A

stool examination

ALBENDAZOLE or MEBENDAZOLE

50
Q

what does whipworm (Trichuris Trichiura) cause?

A
  • large numbers of the warm can cause bloody diarrhoea and anaemia due to severe vitamin and iron loss
51
Q

how does Whipworm exist in the body?

A
  • Eggs hatch in the small intestine and release larvae that mature in the colon
  • Adult worms live in the caecum and ascending colon
  • the worms leave open wounds that cause inflammation in the intestinal wall
  • can sometimes cause rectal prolapse
52
Q

diagnosis of Whipworm ?

A

stool examination

53
Q

treatment of Whipworm?

A

ALBENDAZOLE or MEBENDAZOLE

54
Q

which roundworms cause

Lymphatic Filariasis ?

A

Brugia malayi

Wucheria bancrofti

55
Q

what occurs on Lymphatic Filariasis ?

A
  • Microfilariae (larvae) are found in the peripheral blood
  • during the day the Microfilariae are in the deep veins
  • in the night they move to peripheral circulation
56
Q

how to diagnose Lymphatic Filariasis ?

A

blood smear or antigen detection with a immunochromatic test (card) or ELISA

57
Q

what is Loiasis - Loa Loa ?

A

it is a type of roundworm

58
Q

symptoms of Loiasis?

A
  • gets into the eye

- you can see wriggling in the vision

59
Q

how is Loiasis transmitted?

A
  • confined to africa
  • carried by flies
  • Microfilariae circulate in the blood from where it can be picked up by the
    Chrysops
  • In the gut of the fly the larvae mature into the infective third stage
  • they take blood meals and develop into mature adults
60
Q

what is tape worm?

A

it is a type of flatworm

61
Q

which animals are humans definitive hosts for?

A 
Taenia solium (pig) 
Taenia asiatica (pig) 
Taenia saginata (beef)
62
Q

what are symptoms of tapeworm?

A 
most patients are asymptomatic 
Abdominal pain  
Loss of appetite  
Weight loss  
Upset stomach
63
Q

how to diagnose tapeworm?

A

tapeworm segments found in stool or identification of eggs in
stool

64
Q

treatment of tapeworm?

A

PRAZIQUANTEL

65
Q

what does Taenia solium specifically cause?

A
  • causes CYSTICERCOSIS

- CYSTICERCOSIS this is the most commonly acquired form of epilepsy in the world

66
Q

what is Schistosomiasis?

what are the three main types?

A

it is fluke
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma haematobium
Schistosoma japonicum

67
Q

how is Schistosomiasis carried?

A
  • eggs are put into the water via faeces or urine
  • they hatch and release miricidia which penetrates the snail
  • the snail then releases cercariae that penetrate the skin
  • cercariae mature into adults and reside in the venules
  • the eggs move towards the lumen of the small intestine
68
Q

symptoms of Schistosomiasis?

A

Possible rash or itchy skin Within 1<2 months:
• Fever
• Chills
• Cough
• Muscle aches
• Most people have NO SYMPTOMS in the early stages of infection

69
Q

what happens to children with Schistosomiasis?

A

anaemia, malnutrition and learning difficulties

70
Q

what can the parasite do after years of damage?

A

damage the liver, intestines, lungs and bladder

71
Q

diagnosis and treatment of Schistosomiasis?

A

stool or urine examination

PRAZIQUANTEL

72
Q

example of ectoparasite?

A

Scabies

73
Q

what does scabies cause?

how is scabies treated?

A

Causes rash and the presence of burrows

it is treated with scabicides

74
Q

what are the types of lice?

A

Pediculus humanis capitis = HEAD louse
Pediculus humanis corporis = BODY louse
Pthirus pubis = CRAB louse

75
Q

what are the three stages of lice existing?

A

eggs
nymphs
adults

76
Q

how are ectoparasites transmitted?

A

direct contact

Year 2 - microbiology (7 decks)

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