Hospital Acquired Bacterial Infection Flashcards
Define Antimicrobial compounds?
- interferes with the growth & reproduction of a ‘microbe’.
define Antibacterial compounds?
- describes agents that reduce or eliminate harmful bacteria
how common are hospital-acquired infections?
- 1 in 18 patients acquires a HAI
what are the most commonly acquired hospital infections?
- surgical site
- infections
- UTIs
- pneumonia
- bacteraemias
- GI infections
what are the causes of hospital-acquired infections?
- interventions (catheters, intubation, chemotherapy, lines)
- carriers of infection between patients
- concentration of ill people together
what does ‘escape pathogens’ stand for?
- (used to be eskape)
- Enterococcus faecium. +
- Staph. aureus. +
- Clostridium difficile. +
- Acinetobacter baumanii. -
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa. -
- Enterobacteriaceae. -
what are escape pathogens?
- they are the most commonly acquired infections in hospitals
what is the issue with each of the following bacteria?
Enterococcus faecium. +
Staph. aureus. +
Clostridium difficile. +
Acinetobacter baumanii. -
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. -
Enterobacteriaceae. -
- Enterococcus faecium + = Vancomycin resistant
- Staph. aureus. + = MRSA
- Clostridium difficile + = Can infect due to previous antibiotic treatment.
- Acinetobacter baumanii - = highly drug resistant
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa - = highly drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae - = highly drug-resistant
why is Pathogenic E. coli significant?
- Most frequent cause of bacteremia by - bacteria
- most frequent cause of community and HAI UTIs.
- there is also an increase in MDR (multi-drug resistant) Ecoli
what is Ecoli resistant to? what is Ecoli not resistant to?
- 3rd Gen cephalosporin resistance
- Still sensitive to Carbapenems.
how do cephalosporins work?
how do carbapenems work?
what does Klebsiella pneumoniae cause ?
UTIs and respiratory tract infections.
who does Klebsiella pneumoniae affect ?
immunocompromised
what is Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to?
- 3rd Gen cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides
- there is a species of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumonia
who does Pseudomonas aeruginosa affect?
immunocompromised.
what is Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to?
- High proportions of strains are resistant to several antimicrobials
- above 10% in Europe are resistant to Carbapenem
why is MRSA so resistant to antimicrobial treatment?
- MRSA expresses an additional penicillin-binding protein (PBP2A)
- therefore has a low affinity to methicillin
- therefore, can synthesize peptidoglycans so antibiotics don’t work
how does methicillin work?
- what is VRE?
- what is its pathway?
- what is it resistant to?
- 3rd most frequently identified cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections in US
- Pathway of being resistant – VRE synthesizes a different peptidoglycan precursor that is not targeted by the vancomycin
- Vancomycin resistance is around 60%.
how deso vancomycin work?
what is the impact of antibiotic-resistant for clinicians?
- doctors have to use older discarded antibiotics which have more toxicities and has less guidance on use
