Hospital Acquired Bacterial Infection

Question 1

Define Antimicrobial compounds?

Answer 1

• interferes with the growth & reproduction of a ‘microbe’.

Question 2

define Antibacterial compounds?

Answer 2

• describes agents that reduce or eliminate harmful bacteria

Question 3

how common are hospital-acquired infections?

Answer 3

• 1 in 18 patients acquires a HAI

Question 4

what are the most commonly acquired hospital infections?

Answer 4

• surgical site
• infections
• UTIs
• pneumonia
• bacteraemias
• GI infections

Question 5

what are the causes of hospital-acquired infections?

Answer 5

• interventions (catheters, intubation, chemotherapy, lines)
• carriers of infection between patients
• concentration of ill people together

Question 6

what does ‘escape pathogens’ stand for?

Answer 6

• (used to be eskape)
• Enterococcus faecium. +
• Staph. aureus. +
• Clostridium difficile. +
• Acinetobacter baumanii. -
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa. -
• Enterobacteriaceae. -

Question 7

what are escape pathogens?

Answer 7

• they are the most commonly acquired infections in hospitals

Question 8

what is the issue with each of the following bacteria?

Enterococcus faecium. +

Staph. aureus. +

Clostridium difficile. +

Acinetobacter baumanii. -

Pseudomonas aeruginosa. -

Enterobacteriaceae. -

Answer 8

• Enterococcus faecium + = Vancomycin resistant
• Staph. aureus. + = MRSA
• Clostridium difficile + = Can infect due to previous antibiotic treatment.
• Acinetobacter baumanii - = highly drug resistant
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa - = highly drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae - = highly drug-resistant

Question 9

why is Pathogenic E. coli significant?

Answer 9

• Most frequent cause of bacteremia by - bacteria
• most frequent cause of community and HAI UTIs.
• there is also an increase in MDR (multi-drug resistant) Ecoli

Question 10

what is Ecoli resistant to? what is Ecoli not resistant to?

Answer 10

• 3rd Gen cephalosporin resistance
• Still sensitive to Carbapenems.

Question 11

how do cephalosporins work?

Answer 11

Question 12

how do carbapenems work?

Answer 12

Question 13

what does Klebsiella pneumoniae cause ?

Answer 13

UTIs and respiratory tract infections.

Question 14

who does Klebsiella pneumoniae affect ?

Answer 14

immunocompromised

Question 15

what is Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to?

Answer 15

• 3rd Gen cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides
• there is a species of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumonia

Question 16

who does Pseudomonas aeruginosa affect?

Answer 16

immunocompromised.

Question 17

what is Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to?

Answer 17

• High proportions of strains are resistant to several antimicrobials
• above 10% in Europe are resistant to Carbapenem

Question 18

why is MRSA so resistant to antimicrobial treatment?

Answer 18

• MRSA expresses an additional penicillin-binding protein (PBP2A)
• therefore has a low affinity to methicillin
• therefore, can synthesize peptidoglycans so antibiotics don’t work

Question 19

how does methicillin work?

Answer 19

Question 20

• what is VRE?
• what is its pathway?
• what is it resistant to?

Answer 20

• 3rd most frequently identified cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections in US
• Pathway of being resistant – VRE synthesizes a different peptidoglycan precursor that is not targeted by the vancomycin
• Vancomycin resistance is around 60%.

Question 21

how deso vancomycin work?

Answer 21

Question 22

what is the impact of antibiotic-resistant for clinicians?

Answer 22

• doctors have to use older discarded antibiotics which have more toxicities and has less guidance on use