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Year 2 - microbiology > Community Acquired Bacterial Infection > Flashcards

Community Acquired Bacterial Infection Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

show the structure of bacteria:

and state the functions of the virulance features

A
  • Flagella - for movement and attachment
  • Pili – adherence
  • Capsule – protect against phagocytosis
  • Endospores – metabolically dormant forms of bacteria
  • Biofilms – aggregates of bacteria embedded in a polysaccharide matrix = contributes towards antibiotic resistance
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2
Q

give an example of a bacteria with a Capsule?

A
  • Streptococcus pneumonia.
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3
Q

give an example of a bacteria with endospores

A

Bacillus sp. And Clostridium sp.

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4
Q

give an example of bacteria with biofilms?

A
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis
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5
Q

what are exotoxins?

A

toxins that damage biological systems

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6
Q

what are neurotoxins? examples?

A

neurotoxins act on nerves

eg. Tetanus or Botulinum toxins.

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7
Q

what are Enterotoxins? examples?

A

these are toxins that act on the GI

Infectious diarrhea – Vibrio cholera, E. coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Campylobacter jejuni.

Food poisoning – Bacillus cereus, Staph. aureus.

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8
Q

what are Pyrogenic exotoxins? examples?

A

Pyrogenic exotoxins stimulate the release of cytokines eg. Staph aureus or Strep. pyogenes.

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9
Q

what are invasive exotoxins? examples?

A
  • enzymes that allow bacteria to tunnel through the tissue
  • eg. Staph. aureus, Strep. pyogenes, Clostridium perfringens.
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10
Q

what are Misc. exotoxins? examples?

A
  • specific to certain bacteria function
  • not very well understood
  • eg. Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
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11
Q

what are endotoxins?

A
  • they are only produced by gram-negative bacteria
  • it is not a protein
  • these are lipids
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12
Q

what might happen if a patient with endotoxins is treated with antibiotics?

A
  • if you treat a patient with antibiotics it can make it worse
  • the bacteria lyse it might release large quantities of endotoxins
  • this causes septic shock
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13
Q

what is the definition of an outbreak?

A

a sudden increase in the incidence of a disease in a particular place at a particular time.

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14
Q

what is a possible epidemic case?

what is a probable epidemic case?

what is a confirmed epidemic case?

A
  • possible epidemic case = any person that has developed the symptoms AND has met a laboratory criteria
  • probable epidemic case = Any person that has met the above criteria AND has been in the epidemic country
  • confirmed epidemic case any person meeting criteria for a possible case AND has had strain isolated.
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15
Q

how can outbreaks be detected?

A
  • Surveillance
  • Good and timely reporting systems
  • PCR.
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16
Q

how might a PCR identify an outbreak?

A
  • samples of stool from potential patients can be screened using multiplex PCR
  • this can confirm if they are suffering from the outbreak strain or not
17
Q

in the case of the E.coli outbreak in Germany how did PCR identify the virus?

A
  • in this example, the samples were showing combinations of genomic features of two previous strains (EHEC and EAEC)
  • therefore allowing the conclusion that this was a new strain =
  • EAHEC
18
Q

what features of EAEC and EHEC strains did the PCR identify to allow it to come to the conclusion that it was a combination of both strains?

A

EAEC =

  • 2 plasmids
  • Contains ESBL plasmids that code for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.

EHEC =

  • prophage that encodes for the Shiga toxin
  • this is characteristic for EHEC strains
19
Q

what were the features of the new E.coli outbreak given the combined features of the EAEC and EHEC strains?

A
  • Shiga toxins from the EHEC strain are produced
  • Shiga toxins are encoded on bacteriophages and contribute to horizontal gene transfer
  • EAEC can colonize the larger and small bowel -> this affects the gut flora
  • EAECs have the virulence factor of Aggregative Adherence Fimbriae (AAF)
  • AFF causes adhesion to enterocytes and stimulates IL-8 response
  • it also allows for a biofilm formation.
20
Q

what are the communicable disease types in the EU?

A
  • Respiratory tract infections
  • Sexually-transmitted Infections
  • Food- and waterborne diseases and zoonoses
  • Emerging and vector-borne disease
21
Q

give examples of communicable respiratory tract infections?

A
  • Legionnaire’s disease
  • Tuberculosis
22
Q

give examples of communicable STIs?

A
  • Chlamydia
  • Gonorrhoea
23
Q

give examples of communicable food- and waterborne diseases and zoonoses?

A
  • Campylobacteriosis
  • Salmonellosis
  • Cholera
  • Listeriosis
24
Q

give examples of communicable Emerging and vector-borne diseases?

A
  • Plague
  • Q fever
  • smallpox
25
Q

Legionnaire’s disease respiratory tract infection example

bacteria:

location:

route of infection:

Virulence factor:

A
  • Legionnaire’s disease is caused by Legionella pneumophilia (gram-)
  • lives in amoeba in water and air conditioning
  • inhalation of aerosols
  • type IV secretion system, legionella replicates in legionella containing vacuoles (LCVs) inside cells.
26
Q

TB bacteria?

Virulence factor?

A
  • TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Virulence factor – has an extra lipid layer & can enter a dormant state for reactivation.
27
Q

Chlamydia bacteria?

dangerous clinical feature

epidemiology?

A

Chlamydia is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis gram -ve most common STI in europe and causes blindness Gonorrhoea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gram-ve Urogenital tract infection infecting non-ciliated epithelial cells.

28
Q

Gonorrhea bacteria?

features?

Gonorrhea virulence factor?

A
  • Gonorrhoea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gram-ve):
  • Urogenital tract infection infecting non-ciliated epithelial cells
  • Virulence factor - pili (allows adherence) , antigenic variation mechanism
29
Q

Campylobacteriosis what is it caused by?

Virulence factors?

epidemiology?

infection route?

A
  • caused by Campylobacter sp
  • virulence factors = adhesion, invasion factors, flagella motility, T4 secretion systems, toxins.
  • Most infectious GI disease in the EU
  • The infection route via uncooked poultry but does not cause outbreaks.
30
Q

Salmonellosis what is it caused by?

Epidemiology?

Virulence factors?

A
  • Caused by Salmonella
  • Virulence factors = T3 secretion systems encoded on pathogenicity islands.
  • the highest risk in children
  • Common GI infector from undercooked poultry but causes outbreaks.
31
Q

cholera what is it caused by?

Virulence factors?

other features?

A
  • caused by Vibrio cholera (gram-ve)
  • Virulence factors – T4 fimbria, cholera toxin carried on phages.

the cholera toxin causes increased cAMP, therefore, causes opening of Cl- channels and expulsion of water from cells

32
Q

Listeriosis what is it caused by?

at-risk groups?

Virulence factors?

A
  • caused by Listeria monocytogenes (gram +)
  • Risk groups of immunocompromised and pregnant people. Virulence factors – actin-based cell mobility
33
Q

what are the following Emerging and vector-borne diseases caused by?

A
  • Plague – Yersina pestis (gram-ve)
  • Q fever – Coxiella burnetti (gram-ve)
  • Smallpox (A VIRUS) – eradicated.
34
Q

what are vaccine-preventable diseases?

what are they caused by?

A
  • a. Diphtheria – Clostridium diphtheriae (gram+ve)
  • b. Invasive HA disease – Haemophilus influenzae (gram-ve)
  • c. Invasive meningococcal disease – Neisseria meningitides (gram-ve)
  • d. Invasive pneumococcal disease – Streptococcus pneumoniae (gram+ve)
  • e. Pertussis – Bordetella pertussis (gram-ve)
  • f. Tetanus – Clostridium tetani (gram+ve).

Year 2 - microbiology (7 decks)

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