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PD Block 1 > Skin, hair, nails > Flashcards

Skin, hair, nails Flashcards

1
Q

Skin functions

A
  1. Protection
  2. Regulates body temp
  3. Stores water, fat, vit D
  4. Sense pain/pleasure
  5. Contributes to BP regulation through constriction of skin blood vessels
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2
Q

Epidermis

A

The outermost portion of skin

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3
Q

3 layers of the epidermis

A
  1. stratum corneum (horny layer)
  2. Cellular stratum
  3. basal layer/basement membrane
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4
Q

stratum corneum

A

Visible outermost layer. Sheds dead keratinocytes continuously. Keratin protects skin

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5
Q

cellular stratum

A

Middle layer of epidermis. Gives skin its color. Contains melanocytes and live keratinocytes

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6
Q

basal layer

A

Inner layer of epidermis. Contains basal cells that divide and form new keratinocytes

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7
Q

Dermis

A

Middle layer of skin, contains:

  1. Blood vessels
  2. Lymph nodes
  3. Hair follicles
  4. Sweat glands
  5. Pain/touch receptors
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8
Q

What is dermis made of

A

Collagen made by fibroblasts (gives skin its resilience)

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9
Q

Hypodermis (or subcutis/subcutaneous) layer

A

Made of loose CT consisting of fat and collagen. Gives skin its insulation property

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10
Q

Eccrine glands

A

Sweat glands that open onto surface of the skin. Allow for cooling

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11
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Specialized glands found only in axillary, groin, nipple, eyelids, external ears. Odorless secretion, but nearby structures can attract bacteria and produce odor

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12
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

secrete sebum - oily waxy substance. Keeps skin from drying out. Usually regulated by sex hormones

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13
Q

3 regions of the hair follicle

A
  1. Bulb and suprabulb - Lower segment
  2. Isthmus - middle segment
  3. Infundibulum - upper segment
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14
Q

Bulb/suprabulb

A

Lower segment of hair follicle, extends from base to insertion of the erector pili muscle

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15
Q

Isthmus

A

Middle segment of hair follicle. Extends from erector pili muscle to entrance of sebaceous gland duct

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16
Q

Infundibulum

A

Upper portion of hair follicle. Extends from sebaceous gland to the follicular orifice

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17
Q

3 phases of follicular life cycle

A
  1. Anagen
  2. Catagen
  3. Telogen
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18
Q

Anagen phase

A

Active growth 3-4 yrs 84% of hair

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19
Q

Catagen phase

A

Regression (follicle dies off) and last 2-3 weeks

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20
Q

Telogen phase

A

Resting period, 3 months 10-15 % of hair

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21
Q

What are nails made of (nail plate)

A

Keratin - grow 0.1mm/day 6 months to completely regrow

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22
Q

What is nail growth affected by

A
  1. Disease
  2. Hormone imbalance
  3. aging process
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23
Q

Hyponychium

A

area under tip of nail

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24
Q

Eponychium

A

Skin covering the nail root (stratum corneum layer)

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25
paronychium
Soft tissue surrounding the nail bed
26
Inspect skin for (5)
1. Color 2. Moistness/dryness 3. Temperature 4. Texture 5. Turgor Includes inspection of mucus membranes
27
Tenting of skin
Indicates dehyrdation
28
What to look for on dermatologic lesions (4)
1. Location and distribution 2. Lesion type: primary vs secondary 3. Lesion arrangement 4. Assessment for cutaneous color changes
29
Distribution (areas where lesions appear)
- Sun exposed vs covered - flexural vs extensor - stocking and glove - face, shoulders, back - truncal
30
Primary lesions
Skin lesion as it first appears
31
Secondary lesions
Skin lesion as it appears after someone as picked at it or transformed
32
Macule
Flat circular area less than 0.5cm
33
Patch
macule that is greater than 0.5cm | EX: vitiligo
34
Papule
Elevated solid lesion, up to 0.5cm | Ex: wart, nevi, fibroma
35
Plaque
a papule that is greater than 0.5cm | Ex: eczema, psoriasis, pagets disease
36
Wheals
-elevated, solid, irregular lesion -usually red, associated edema in cutaneous tissue -transient, means they move around Ex: allergic reaction or hives
37
Vesicle
Elevated lesion filled with serous fluid. 0.5cm | Ex: herpes, chickenpox
38
Bullae
Vesicle that is greater than 0.5cm. | Ex: blister
39
Pustules
Collection of white blood cells (pus) usually infected. (very similar to vesicle except its pus Ex: folliculitis
40
Nodule
Elevated, firm lesion. Deeper in skin than a papule Ex: lipoma Basically a papule below the skin
41
Erosion
secondary lesion, in which part of epidermis is lost
42
Fissure
secondary lesion, that forms a linear crack
43
Scales
Secondary lesion that is excess dead epidermal cells (keratin cells) flaky skin
44
Atrophy (secondary lesion)
Depression in skin from thinning of epidermis or dermis
45
Localized distribution
Lesion in one area
46
Regional distribution
Specific area of the body
47
Generalized distribution
Widely distributed lesions
48
Spooning
Nail that has a scoop upwards, iron deficiency anemia
49
Pitting
Many holes in the nail plate (psoriasis)
50
Clubbing
Increased curvature of the nail plate >180 degrees, normal is 160. Also has swelling associated with it, pulmonary disease
51
pallor
skin is pale
52
rubor
skin redness implying inflammation
53
cyanosis
blue skin due to lack of inadequate oxygenation
54
hirsutism
Beard growth in women. Or back or chest
55
Beau's lines
Transverse depression in nail bed, systemic disease indicator
56
varicosities
Varicose veins (twisted enlarges)
57
onycholysis
Nail plate separates from nail bed
58
alopecia
Sudden, rapid patchy loss of hair
59
striae
Pink-red lines/streaks on skin. stretch marks, usually found from weight gain
60
edema
swelling due to fluid accumulation
61
dependent edema
swelling on lowermost parts of the body
62
peau'd orange
A pitted or dimpled appearance of skin. Skin looks like orange peel. Found in breast cancer pt due to cellulite
63
Koilonychia
Same as spooning
64
Paronychia
Inflammation of the paronychium (usually has pus associated with it)
65
Leukonychia
White spots in the nail plate from minor injury
66
What is a normal skin finding in infants that would not be in adults
Carotenemia - yellowing of the skin due to recent baby food introduction (especially carrots). Will appear orange or yellow, but no yellowing in the sclera so it is not jaundice)
67
What is a normal skin finding in the elderly but would not be in adults
decreased turgor. Elderly pts often have frail skin, so the turgor may not be a good indication of dehydration
68
What type of skin are nevi more likely to occur
Light skin, whites
69
What nail finding is common among dark skin people but might be abnormal on light skin people
Pigmented deposits or bands on the nail bed. In whites it may be indicative of melanoma

PD Block 1 (7 decks)

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