Skin Hair Nails Flashcards
What are the stages for pressure ulcers
Stage 1- Non blanchable erythema
Stage 2- Partial thickness skin loss
Stage 3- Full thickness skin loss
Stage 4- Full thickness skin / tissue lost
What is deep tissue pressure injury (DTPI)
Localized, non blanchable colour changes to deep red, maroon, purple in intact or non intact skin
Some causes for pressure ulcers
Impaired/decreased mobility and/or functional ability
Impaired blood flow
Cognitive impairment
Incontinence of bowel or bladder
History of ulcers
Malnutrition
Decreased fluid intake
Co morbid conditions like diabetes, coronary disease, renal disease, paralysis
What is the Braden scale?
Predicting the likeliness of developing a pressure ulcer
What is basal cell carcinoma
Usually starts as small, pink or red papule with pearly translucent top.
Rounded pearly borders with central ulcer (looks like large open pore with central yellowing)
What is squamous cell carcinoma
Erythematous scaly patch with sharp margins, 1cm or more
Central ulcer and surrounding erythema
What is malignant melanoma
May rise from preexisting nevus or de novo
Usually brown, can be tan, black, pinked, purple, or mixed pigmentation
Often irregular or notched borders
What is the ABCDEF rule?
To detect suspicious lesions
What do the letters mean in the ABCDEF rule?
A- asymmetry
B- border irregularities
C- colour variation
D- diameter greater than 6 mm
E- elevation or evolution
F- funny looking, different from others
What is annular or circular
Begins in center and spreads to periphery
What is confluent
Lesions run together
What is discrete
Distinct and separate
What is grouped
Cluster of lesions
What is gyrate
Twisted, coiled, or snakelike
What is target or iris
Concentric rings of colour in lesions
What is linear?
Scratch, streak, line or stripe
What is polycyclic
Annular lesions grow together
What is zosteriform
Linear arrangement following a unilateral nerve route
Ex. Shingles
What is macule
Solely a colour change
Flat and circumscribed, less that 1 cm
Like freckles, measles, scarlet fever
What is patch
Solely a colour change
Macules that are larger that 1 cm
Vitiligo, cafe au lait spot
What is a papule
superficial thickening of the epidermis
Ex. A mole or wart
What is a plaque
Papules coalescing to form surface elevation wider than 1 cm
Ex. Psoriasis
What is a nodule
Solid, elevated, hard or soft, greater than 1 cm that may extend deeper into dermis than papule
What is a tumour
Larger in diameter, firm or soft, deeper into dermis, may be benign or malignant
What is a wheal
Superficial, raised, transient and erythematous, irregular in shape due to edema
Ex. Mosquito bite
What is urticaria
Wheals coalesce to form extensive pruritic reaction
(Hives)
What are vesicles
Elevated cavity containing fluid.. up to 1 cm
Ex. Herpes, varicella
What are bullas
Larger than 1 cm, usually single chamber, superficial in dermis and ruptures easily
Ex. Burns, blisters
What are cysts
Encapsulated fluid filled cavity in the dermis or subcutaneous layer, tensely elevating skin
What is a pustule
Pus in cavity that is circumscribed and elevated
Ex. Acne
What is crust
Thickened dried out exudate
Ex. Scabs
What is scale
Compact flakes of desiccated skin from shedding of dead excess keratin cells
Ex. Psoriasis
What are fissures
Linear creek with abrupt edges: dry or moist
Ex. Athletes foot
What is erosion
Scooped out, but shallow depression
Superficial: epidermis lost, moist but no bleeding, heals without a scar because erosion does not extend into dermis
What is excoriation
Self-inflicted abrasion; sometimes crusted; scratches from intense itching
Example: insect bites, scabies
What are scars
Permanent fibrotic change after healing
What are atrophic scars
Resulting skin level is depressed with loss of tissue and thinning
What are keloids
Benign excess of scar tissue beyond original injury
Pallor
White: they look more white
Coloured: Absence of luster. Brown people will look yellow, and black people will look ashen. Look for pallor in nail beds and lips
Erythema
White: red
Coloured: feel for warmth
Cyanosis
White: blue
Coloured: look for LOC and signs of respiratory distress
Jaundice
White: yellow
Coloured: check for jaundice in eyes, gums and inner lips
What is linea nigra
A dark line of skin down the middle of your abdomen due to hormone changes during pregnancy
