Skin Hair Nails

Question 1

What are the stages for pressure ulcers

Answer 1

Stage 1- Non blanchable erythema

Stage 2- Partial thickness skin loss

Stage 3- Full thickness skin loss

Stage 4- Full thickness skin / tissue lost

Question 2

What is deep tissue pressure injury (DTPI)

Answer 2

Localized, non blanchable colour changes to deep red, maroon, purple in intact or non intact skin

Question 3

Some causes for pressure ulcers

Answer 3

Impaired/decreased mobility and/or functional ability

Impaired blood flow

Cognitive impairment

Incontinence of bowel or bladder

History of ulcers

Malnutrition

Decreased fluid intake

Co morbid conditions like diabetes, coronary disease, renal disease, paralysis

Question 4

What is the Braden scale?

Answer 4

Predicting the likeliness of developing a pressure ulcer

Question 5

What is basal cell carcinoma

Answer 5

Usually starts as small, pink or red papule with pearly translucent top.

Rounded pearly borders with central ulcer (looks like large open pore with central yellowing)

Question 6

What is squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 6

Erythematous scaly patch with sharp margins, 1cm or more

Central ulcer and surrounding erythema

Question 7

What is malignant melanoma

Answer 7

May rise from preexisting nevus or de novo

Usually brown, can be tan, black, pinked, purple, or mixed pigmentation

Often irregular or notched borders

Question 8

What is the ABCDEF rule?

Answer 8

To detect suspicious lesions

Question 9

What do the letters mean in the ABCDEF rule?

Answer 9

A- asymmetry
B- border irregularities
C- colour variation
D- diameter greater than 6 mm
E- elevation or evolution
F- funny looking, different from others

Question 10

What is annular or circular

Answer 10

Begins in center and spreads to periphery

Question 11

What is confluent

Answer 11

Lesions run together

Question 12

What is discrete

Answer 12

Distinct and separate

Question 13

What is grouped

Answer 13

Cluster of lesions

Question 14

What is gyrate

Answer 14

Twisted, coiled, or snakelike

Question 15

What is target or iris

Answer 15

Concentric rings of colour in lesions

Question 16

What is linear?

Answer 16

Scratch, streak, line or stripe

Question 17

What is polycyclic

Answer 17

Annular lesions grow together

Question 18

What is zosteriform

Answer 18

Linear arrangement following a unilateral nerve route

Ex. Shingles

Question 19

What is macule

Answer 19

Solely a colour change

Flat and circumscribed, less that 1 cm

Like freckles, measles, scarlet fever

Question 20

What is patch

Answer 20

Solely a colour change

Macules that are larger that 1 cm

Vitiligo, cafe au lait spot

Question 21

What is a papule

Answer 21

superficial thickening of the epidermis

Ex. A mole or wart

Question 22

What is a plaque

Answer 22

Papules coalescing to form surface elevation wider than 1 cm

Ex. Psoriasis

Question 23

What is a nodule

Answer 23

Solid, elevated, hard or soft, greater than 1 cm that may extend deeper into dermis than papule

Question 24

What is a tumour

Answer 24

Larger in diameter, firm or soft, deeper into dermis, may be benign or malignant

Question 25

What is a wheal

Answer 25

Superficial, raised, transient and erythematous, irregular in shape due to edema Ex. Mosquito bite

Question 26

What is urticaria

Answer 26

Wheals coalesce to form extensive pruritic reaction (Hives)

Question 27

What are vesicles

Answer 27

Elevated cavity containing fluid.. up to 1 cm Ex. Herpes, varicella

Question 28

What are bullas

Answer 28

Larger than 1 cm, usually single chamber, superficial in dermis and ruptures easily Ex. Burns, blisters

Question 29

What are cysts

Answer 29

Encapsulated fluid filled cavity in the dermis or subcutaneous layer, tensely elevating skin

Question 30

What is a pustule

Answer 30

Pus in cavity that is circumscribed and elevated Ex. Acne

Question 31

What is crust

Answer 31

Thickened dried out exudate Ex. Scabs

Question 32

What is scale

Answer 32

Compact flakes of desiccated skin from shedding of dead excess keratin cells Ex. Psoriasis

Question 33

What are fissures

Answer 33

Linear creek with abrupt edges: dry or moist Ex. Athletes foot

Question 34

What is erosion

Answer 34

Scooped out, but shallow depression Superficial: epidermis lost, moist but no bleeding, heals without a scar because erosion does not extend into dermis

Question 35

What is excoriation

Answer 35

Self-inflicted abrasion; sometimes crusted; scratches from intense itching Example: insect bites, scabies

Question 36

What are scars

Answer 36

Permanent fibrotic change after healing

Question 37

What are atrophic scars

Answer 37

Resulting skin level is depressed with loss of tissue and thinning

Question 38

What are keloids

Answer 38

Benign excess of scar tissue beyond original injury

Question 39

Pallor

Answer 39

White: they look more white Coloured: Absence of luster. Brown people will look yellow, and black people will look ashen. Look for pallor in nail beds and lips

Question 40

Erythema

Answer 40

White: red Coloured: feel for warmth

Question 41

Cyanosis

Answer 41

White: blue Coloured: look for LOC and signs of respiratory distress

Question 42

Jaundice

Answer 42

White: yellow Coloured: check for jaundice in eyes, gums and inner lips

Question 43

What is linea nigra

Answer 43

A dark line of skin down the middle of your abdomen due to hormone changes during pregnancy