Musculoskeletal Flashcards
What is rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic inflammatory condition
Joint involvement is symmetric and bilateral
Signs and symptoms include: redness, swelling, heat, pain
Limited ROM
Deformities
What is osteoarthritis
Non inflammatory condition, involving deterioration of cartilage and joints
Joint involvement is often asymmetric or unilateral (due to overuse or overweight)
Signs and symptoms include:
Stiffness, swelling, pain with movement
Limited ROM
bony nodules
What is active range of motion?
When you model the movement for the patient and they can repeat it
What is passive range of motion
If active ROM is limited, support the weight of the limb as you move it through the expected ROM
What is scoliosis
Abnormal rotation and lateral curvature of the spine in the thoracic and lumbar regions
Difference between functional scoliosis and structural scoliosis?
Functional scoliosis disappears when bending forward
Structural scoliosis is more severe and fixed
What should you note when assessing for structural scoliosis?
Note rib hump when bending forward
Note uneven shoulders, scapula, and hips
What are fibrous joints?
The bones are connected by fibrous tissue or cartilage and are immovable, such as the bones of the skull
What are cartilaginous joints
The bones are separated by fibrocartilaginous discs and move only slightly, such as the vertebrae
What are synovial joints
The bones are freely moveable and they are enclosed in a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid that lubricates the movement of the joint. Examples would be the knees and shoulders
What is bursae
Enclosed sac filled with synovial fluid and are positioned between bones and soft tissues, acting as cushions to help reduce friction.
What is a ligament
Fibrous band connecting bone to bone
What is a tendon
A strong fibrous cord that connects muscle to bone
What is a temporomandibular joint
This hinge joint permit speaking and chewing
How do you measure muscle strength
On a scale from 0 to 5
0- no contraction- 0% normal- zero
1- slight contraction- 10% normal- trace
2- full ROM with gravity eliminated (passive)- 25%- poor
3- full ROM with gravity- 50%- fair
4- full ROM against gravity, some resistance- 75% normal- good
5- full ROM against gravity, full resistance- 100%- normal
Flexion
Bending a limb at a joint
Extension
Straightening a limb at a joint
Abduction
Moving a limb away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Moving a limb towards the midline of the body
Pronation
Turning the forearm so the palm is down
Supination
Turning the forearm so the palm is up
Circumduction
Moving the arm in a circle around the shoulder
Inversion
Moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle
Eversion
Moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle
Rotation
Moving the head around a central axis
Protraction
Moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground
Retraction
Moving a body part backwards and parallel to the ground
Elevation
Raising a body part
Depression
Lowering a body part
What is carpal tunnel
Pain, along thumb, index finger, and middle finger and atrophy occur from interference with motor function from compression of the median nerve inside the carpal tunnel.
What is carpal tunnel caused by?
Caused by chronic repetitive motion, occurs between 40 and 60 years, and is more common in women
What are the symptoms of carpal tunnel?
Pain, nighttime pain, burning and numbness, positive findings on phalen test, positive Tinel sign
What is the Tinel sign
Direct percussion of the location of the median nerve at rest produces no symptoms in the normal hand
What is a positive Tinel sign
And carpal tunnel syndrome, percussion of the median nerve produces burning and tingling along its distribution, which is a positive tinel sign
What is the phalen test
Ask the person to hold both hands back to back while flexing the wrist 90°. Acute flexion of the wrist for 60 seconds produces no symptoms in the normal hand.
What are four sign to suggest acute inflammation in a joint
Swelling, heat, redness, pain/tenderness
What is the complete loss of contact between the two bones in a joint?
Dislocation
What are six things to inspect on a joint?
Contour
Color
Swelling
Masses
Deformities
What is functional scoliosis?
Flexible
Apparent with standing and disappears with forward bending
What is structural scoliosis?
Fixed
Curvature shows when standing and bending forward
