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Biological Systems Overview 1st Year Midwifery > Skin & Endocrine > Flashcards

Skin & Endocrine Flashcards

Introduction to skin

1
Q

What kind of organ is the skin?

A

It is considered the largest organ.

It is a sensory organ

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2
Q

Where is the thinnest skin found and measurement?

A

The eyelids only 0.1mm.

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3
Q

Where is the thickest skin found and how deep does it measure approximately?

A

The palms and soles of feet around 2mm.

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4
Q

What are the two types of skin?

A

1) Hirsute - thin, hairy skin which covers greater part of the body.
2) Glavrous - covers the surfaces of palms, soles and flexor surfaces.

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5
Q

Name the three layers of the skin and briefly mention what it is composed of.

A

Epidermis
- the superficial portion of the skin. Composed os epithelium tissue.

Dermis
- the deeper layer of the skin. Primarily composed of connective tissue.

Subcutaneous layer or hypodermic
- composed of areola and adipose tissue used for fat storage. It is an area of blood vessel passage and an area of pressure sensing nerve endings.

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6
Q

List the functions of the skin

A

PREMFAC

Protection - physical barrier to internal organs
- acid pH helps to prevent infection

Regulation of temerature - thermoregulation
- blood vessels constrict or dilate to
raise or lower body temperature.

Excretion - 400ml of water /day
- ammonia, CO2 and small amounts of
Sodium.

Movement - elastic & recoil properties if skin

Formation of Vit D - photochemical reaction in the skin produces ambit D essential for metabolism of calcium.

Absorption - topical medicine.

Cutaneous sensation - touch pressure
Temperature change
Pain

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7
Q

What is the first wound healing response?

A

Haemostasis - within minutes, platelets and fibrin are at the site of the wound.

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8
Q

What is the second stage of wound healing?

A

Inflammation- Neutrophils Macrophages and/ lymphocytes are at work.

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9
Q

What is the third stage of wound healing ?

A

Proliferation - fibroblasts, collagen and angiogenesis………

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10
Q

What is the fourth and last stage of normal wound healing?

A

Maturation - collagen remodelling & scar maturation.

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11
Q

What types of factors affect wound healing?

A

Systemic & local

Systemic - age, anaemia, nutrition, medication, systemic infections, temperature, chronic health problems e.g diabetes.

Local - blood supply, local infection, wound bed condition, size of wound.

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12
Q

Who are most at risk?

A

People who have ;

reduced movement.

Vascular damage.

Sensory impairment

Malnourished/ dehydrated

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13
Q

What is the normal blood similarity range?

A

257 and 295 mOsm/kg

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14
Q

What is the name if the receptor that measures similarity in blood and where is it found?

A

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

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15
Q

What is the role of Antidiuretic hormone?

A

To increase permeability of the collecting duct and distil convoluted tubules. This is in the nephron for increased water reabsorbtion back to the bloodstream

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16
Q

What is the name of the hormone released to break down glycogen in the liver and where is it released?

A

glucagon

Released by the pancreas at the islet of Langerhans which is sensitive to glucose.

The alpha cells secrete glucagon when blood glucose is low.

17
Q

What hormone is released when the blood glucose is high?

A

Insulin.

Released by the beta cells of the islet of Langerhans in the pancreas.

18
Q

Name the major endocrine glands.

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

Thymus

Adrenal gland

Pancreas

Ovary - female

Testis - male

19
Q

Name the 4 chemical classes of hormones

A

Peptide/ polypeptide

Amino Acid derivatives (amine)

Glycoproteins

Steroids

20
Q

What is the role if carrier/blinding proteins?

A
  • increase solubility of hormone in plasma
  • increase half life
  • readily accessible reserve
21
Q

Do all hormones require a carrier protein to get to the target cell?

A

No.

22
Q

Target cells contain what in their cell membrane for hormones to bind to?

A

Specific hormone receptors.

23
Q

What type of hormone needs to bind to receptors ?

Water soluble of non soluble hormones.

A

Water soluble.

E.g insulin binds to tyrosine kinase at the cell membrane.

24
Q

What do lipid soluble hormones bind to?

A

After diffusing across the hydrophobic and hydrophilic membrane, they bind to intracellular receptors.. either in the cytoplasm or in nucleus.

E g thyroid hormone enters nucleus and binds to a pre-bound receptor on DNA.

25
Q

What hormones are produced at the neurosecretory cells?

A

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone produced in the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus.

Transported down the nerve cell axons to the posterior pituitary and stored then released when required.

26
Q

Name the 6 TROPIC hormones produced in the hypothalamus.

These have direct effects on the release of anterior pituitary hormones.

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

Prolactin releasing hormone

Prolactin release-inhibiting hormone (dopamine)

Corticotropin releasing hormone

Gonadoyropin releasing hormone

Growth hormone releasing hormone

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

27
Q

Where is the thyroid stimulated hormone produced and what is its function.

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced at the anterior pituitary gland.

Function: secretion of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland.

28
Q

Where is the Adrenocorticotropic hormone produced and what is its function?

A

Anterior pituitary gland.

Function: secretion of hormone from adrenal cortex.

29
Q

Where is the Luteinising hormone produced and what is its function ?

A

Anterior pituitary gland.

Function: ovulation and secretion of sex hormones.

30
Q

Where is the follicle stimulating hormone produced and what is its function?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

Function: developed eggs and sperm

31
Q

Where is prolactin produced and what is its function?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

Function: mammary gland development and milk secretion .

32
Q

Where is the growth hormone produced and what is its function ?

A

Growth and energy metabolism. Stimulates IGFs

33
Q

Where is the thickest skin found?

A

Palms and soles of feet around 1mm.

34
Q

Name the 3 layers of the skin

A

Epidermis

Dermis

Subcutaneous tissue

35
Q

What is found in the dermis?

A

Hair shafts

opening of sweat ducts

Stratum corneum

36
Q

What is found at the dermis of the skin?

A

Arrector pilling muscle

Sebaceous gland

Hair bulb and root

Meissners corpuscle

37
Q

What is found at the subcutaneous layer of the skin?

A

Sweat glands

Capillaries

Cutaneous nerves

Biological Systems Overview 1st Year Midwifery (7 decks)

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