Skin Disorders Flashcards
What is a lesion?*
Lesions are a structural change in tissue caused by disease or injury.
What are the 3 classifications of lesions?*
Primary lesions
Secondary lesions
Vascular lesions ( also known as tertiary)
What are primary lesions?
Primary lesions are changes in tissue during the early stage of development during a disease or injury.
What is a macule?*
A macule is a flat discoloured spot on the surface of the skin, which may be left after a pimple has healed or caused by UV exposure.
What is lentigo?
Lentigo is a flat pigmented spot such as a freckle, resulting from sun exposure. Also called age spots overtime with accumulative sun exposure.
What are multiple lentigo called?
Lentigines
What are nodules?
Nodules are small bumps caused by scar tissue, fatty deposits or infection.
What is a papule?*
A papule is a small elevated pimple containing no fluid.
What is a pustule?
A pustule is inflammation with a white or yellow centre containing pus. Fluids consist of white blood cells, bacteria, and other debris.
What is a wheal?
Itchy, swollen lesion that lasts only a few hours.
What is an example of a wheal?
Mosquito bite
What is a bulla?*
A bulla is a large blister containing a clear watery fluid.
What is a vesicle?*
Vesicles are small blisters with clear water fluid, that may develop after a burn or be a sign of infection.
What are secondary lesions?
Secondary lesions develop in later stages of the disease and change the structure of the tissue.
What is scale?
Scale is accumulation of epidermal flakes, may be present during skin rashes or dehydration.
What is crust?
Crust is dead cells formed over a wound while it is healing and the accumulation of serum and pus, mixed with epidermal material such as a scab.
What is excoriation?*
Excoriation is a sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping. It can be superficial or deeper in the dermal layer of the skin.
What is acne excoriee?*
Acne excoriee is a disorder in which the client purposefully scrapes off the surface of acne lesions. It is characterized by many scraped looking flat lesions.
What is another name for acne excoriee?*
Dermatillomania - an obsessive compulsive disorder.
What is a fissure?*
A fissure is a crack in the skin that penetrates into the dermis.
What is an ulcer?*
An ulcer is an open lesion on the skin with loss of skin depth.
What are vascular lesions?
Vascular lesions are a change in the tissue characterized by the appearance of small blood vessels close to the skin.
What is a cherry angioma or ruby point?*
A cherry angioma is a cluster of dilated capillaries on the skin’s surface. They are about ¼ of an inch in size (about the size of a pin) and are bright red and smooth.
What causes cherry angiomas?*
The cause is unknown.
Why would you treat cherry angiomas?*
Cherry angiomas do not need to be treated unless they cosmetically displeasing or prone to bleeding.
What happens if a cherry angioma is injured?*
If they are injured they will bleed profusely.
How would you remove a cherry angioma?*
Vasculyse.
What is the medical term for distended capillaries?*
Telangiectasia or spider angioma. - permanently damaged or distended capillaries.
Where can telangiectasia or spider angioma’s occur on the body?*
Can occur anywhere on the body.
What is the cause of telangiectasia or spider angioma’s?*
Caused by vasodilators such as; sun, diet, medication, alcohol, stress.
How would you remove telangiectasia or spider angioma’s?*
Vasculyse.
What is couperose?
Couperose is the combination of redness and dilated capillaries.
What is Poikiloderma of Civatte?*
Poikiloderma of Civatte is when the skin turns a reddish-brown hue, with visible telangiectasia. Also can be referred to as atrophy due to the thinning of skin.
Where does Poikiloderma of Civatte occur on the body?*
It appears on the side of the face, neck, and chest, the chin shades the center of the neck in a v-shape.
What causes Poikiloderma of Civatte?*
The major cause is chronic sun exposure, however low estrogen and perfume may also contribute to the severity.
What skin types are most prone to Poikiloderma of Civatte?*
Fitzpatrick 1, 2, and 3.
How would you treat Poikiloderma of Civatte?*
Treatments include melanocyte inhibiting skin care, chemical peels, lasers, IPL and daily sunblock.
What are symptoms?
Symptoms are a sign of a disease.
What are the two types of symptoms?
Subjective - symptoms that can be felt, like iching, burning or pain.
Objective - symptoms that can be seen like a pimple, rash or inflammation.
What is an acute disease?*
An acute disease is characterized by symptoms of a more violent character and of a short duration.
What are some examples of acute diseases?*
An example would be excoriation, or a sunburn.
What is a chronic disease?*
A chronic disease is characterized with symptoms of a long duration, usually mild but recurring.
What are some examples of chronic diseases?*
Examples would be acne or psoriasis.
What is edema?
Medical term for swelling.
What is edema caused by?
Fluid imbalance in the cells, caused by injury or infections.
What is pruritis?
Medical term for itching.
What is erythema?
Temporary redness on the skin surface caused by inflammation. I.e. sunburn.
What is erythrosis?
Permanent redness on the skin surface caused by disease or injury.
What is urticaria?*
Medical term for hives.
What are hives caused by?
Caused by body’s histamine production.
What is herpes simplex (virus 1)?*
Herpes simplex (virus 1) is a viral infection also called a cold sore. It is recurring and contagious and usually appears on the lips or nostrils.
What is herpes simplex (virus 1) characterized by?*
Characterized by vesicles on a red swollen base.
What is perioral dermatitis?*
Perioral dermatitis is an acne like disorder around the mouth with red papules in the mouth, nose and chin area, there are usually small clusters of several lesions.
What is perioral dermatitis caused by?*
It is caused by the loss of the hydrolipidic barrier or by drying agents such as harsh cleansing, or exfoliation.
What should you avoid if you have perioral dermatitis?*
It’s important to avoid over stimulation of the area and drying agents such as soap and toothpaste.
Why should you see a doctor if you have perioral dermatitis?*
Antibiotics can help treat the condition so you should have a doctor look at it if it is persistent.
What is psoriasis?*
Psoriasis is an itchy disorder characterized by red patches covered with white silver scales.
Where is psoriasis usually found?*
It is usually found in patches on the scalp, elbows, knees, chest and lower back.
Is psoriasis contagious?*
Psoriasis is not contagious but it is hereditary and chronic.
What is folliculitis?
Inflammation of the hair follicle caused by bacteria or by an irritation.
What is hyperpigmentation?
An overproduction of melanin.
What is hypo-pigmentation?
A lack of melanin.
What is another name for melasma?*
Melasma is also referred to as chloasma and pregnancy mask.
How is melasma characterized?*
It is characterized by splotchy, increased pigmented complexion that may be present during UV exposure during pregnancy or other hormonal changes.
What makes melasma worse?*
Heat, friction, and repeated sun exposures will worsen melasma.
Where is melasma normally found?*
It is normally found on the forehead, cheeks, nose, and upper lip.
What advice would you give a client who has melasma?*
Advise clients to use at least 30 SPF sunblock and do not over exfoliate, or stimulate skin.
What is the term for a birthmark or mole?*
A nevus - caused by abnormal pigmentation or vascular (dilated capillaries, such as port wine stain)
What is post inflammatory hyperpigmentation?
It is a hyper pigmented mark or spot left after pimples heal or after an inflammatory wound.
What skin types are more at risk of PIH? (post inflammatory hyperpigmentation)
Fitzpatrick 4, 5 and 6.
Why does PIH occur?
PIH occurs because as the skin heals it produces too much melanin, so the discolouration remains even after the wound has healed.
What increases the risk of PIH and why?
Picking pimples increases the risk of PIH due to increase of inflammation.
How long does it take PIH to fade?
3 to 24 months
How would you treat PIH?
Treatments include AHA topical retinoids and guinot newhite, and sunblock must be worn daily.
What is a tan?
A change in pigmentation due to melanin production as a defense against UV radiation. A tan is visible skin and cell damage.
What are leukoderma?
Abnormal light patches cause by a congenital or acquired disease that destroys pigment producing cells (melanocytes)
What are some examples of leukodermas?
Albinism and vitiligo.
What is vitiligo?
White spots on the skin from reduction of melanocytes. It is an acquired autoimmune disorder. It can worsen with time and sun exposure.
What is albinism?
A rare genetic condition characterized by total absence of melanin in the body, including hair, skin and eyes. People with albinism are sensitive to light and are at greater risk for skin cancer.
Is acne an acute or chronic condition?*
Acne would be considered a chronic condition.
What is acne?*
A chronic inflammatory skin disorder of the sebaceous gland.
What are some characteristics of acne?*
Characteristics of acne include comedones, blemishes, cysts and possible scarring.
For people with acne, what happens if sebum irritates the follicles*
Sebum can irritate the follicles causing inflammation, if the follicle ruptures it becomes infected and debris spills into the dermis.
What causes acne?*
Clogged pores and propioni bacterium that are anaerobic are the causes of acne. Propionibacteria can not survive if oxygen is present.
What can tigger acne?*
Triggers are hormones, stress, certain food, climate, sun, and frictions as they trigger inflammation internally or externally.
What are characteristics of grade 1 acne?*
Minor breakouts, mostly open comedones, with some closed comedones, few papules.
What are characteristics of grade 2 acne?*
Many open and closed comedones, papules and occasional pustules.
What are characteristics of grade 3 acne?*
Red and inflamed, many papules and pustules.
What are characteristics of grade 4 acne?*
Cystic acne. Cysts with comedones, papules, pustules, inflammation and possible scarring are present.
What is asteatosis?*
Asteatosis is dry scaly skin and a lack of sebum. - can be due to aging, body disorders, harsh soaps, or cold exposures.
What is a comedone?*
A comedone is a hardened mass of sebum and skin cells that has oxidized. Also known as a blackhead.
What are sebaceous filaments?
Sebaceous filaments are tiny greyish dots on your nose or white dots in the crease of your chin. They are normally occurring tube-like structures that line the walls of the pore.
What are sebaceous filaments often mistaken for?
Comedones, but sebaceous filaments are lighter in colour than comedones.
What are sebaceous filaments’ purpose?
Their purpose is to guide the flow of sebum from the sebaceous gland to the surface of the skin.
Can you extract sebaceous filaments?
No, they should not be extracted and there is no way to permanently get rid of them.
How would you treat sebaceous filaments?
Enzymes, scrubs, AHA’s and BHA’s will minimize their appearance, and keep skin hydrated because filaments are more noticeable on dehydrated skin.
What might make sebaceous filaments more noticeable?
Regular use of a day mask that may make the skin surface dehydrated would make filaments more noticeable.
What is milia?
Milia are firm, white, hardened masses of sebum and dead cells formed under the skin, where no oxygen is present.
Where do milia more commonly form?
More common in fine textured areas, with no pore openings.
What causes milia to form?
May form after laser, strong facial peels, over use of AHA’s or with the use of occlusive creams.
What is a furuncle?*
A furuncle is a subcutaneous abscess filled with pus. It’s also called a boil or a cyst.
What causes furuncles?*
They are caused by bacteria in the hair follicles.
Can you extract a furuncle and why?*
Cannot be extracted because it’s under the skin.
What is rosacea?*
Rosacea is chronic congestion primarily on the cheeks and nose.
What are characteristics of rosacea?*
Characterized by redness, dilation of blood vessels, inflammation and in severe cases, the formation of papules and pustules.
In clients with rosacea, what causes papules, pustules and inflammatory breakouts?*
Papules or pustules may be caused by the dilation of blood vessels which causes inflammatory breakouts.
What causes rosacea?*
Rosacea may be due to an unbalanced hydrolipidic barrier now irritated by bacteria, mites, or fungus.
What triggers rosacea?*
Vasodilators like spicy foods, alcohol, stress and caffeine, exposure to temperature extremes, sun and stress.
How would you treat rosacea?*
Soothing treatments and homecare will help calm the skin and decrease the inflammation.
What is rhinophyma?
An enlarging of the nose resulting from a severe form of acne rosacea, and scarring. It is more common in men and used to be referred to as alcoholics nose.
What are sebaceous hyperplasias?*
Sebaceous hyperplasia are overgrowths of the sebaceous gland usually found in oilier areas of the face.
What causes abnormal cell buildup with sebaceous hyperplasias?*
Cell turnover rate slows with age and decreased androgen levels, this causes abnormal cell buildup that crowds and enlarges the sebaceous gland.
What shape are sebaceous hyperplasias?*
They are donut shaped with sebaceous material in the centre.
Can sebaceous hyperplasias be extracted?*
These cannot be removed by normal extractions.
What skin disorder is excessively oily?*
Seborrhea. Excessive oiliness of the skin, caused by an abnormal amount of secretion from the sebaceous gland.
What is a steatoma?
A sebaceous cyst or subcutaneous tumor filled with sebum which ranges in size from a pea to an orange. Usually found on the scalp, neck and back.
What is maturation arrest acne?*
Maturation arrest acne is a unique type of grade 2 acne. The face is covered with whiteheads (closed comedones) that enlarge.
How would you treat maturation arrest acne?*
The congested skin is difficult to treat with conventional acne treatments and medication. It responds best to AHA treatments and deep exfoliation.
What is pityrosporum malassezia folliculitis?*
Pityrosporum malassezia folliculitis are small itchy patches of papules and pustules that may be found on the face, chest, or back. Most common in humid climates or with hyperhidrosis.
Who is most likely to have pityrosporum malassezia folliculitis?*
Commonly seen in adolescents and young adults.
What causes pityrosporum malassezia folliculitis?*
Yeast.
How would you treat pityrosporum malassezia folliculitis?*
It does not respond to acne medication or antibiotics which may actually make it worse. Antifungal medication is recommended.
What is the term for callous?*
Keratoma is the term for callous, which is caused by pressure or friction. If thickening it can grow inward becoming a corn.
What is keratosis pilaris?*
Keratosis pilaris is chronic redness and papules on the cheeks, thighs, buttocks, or upper arms from blocked follicles.
How would you treat keratosis pilaris?*
Regular exfoliation and moisturizers with AHA will help reduce the cell buildup.
What is hyperkeratosis?
Hyperkeratosis is a thickening of the skin, caused by a mass of keratinized cells. Caused by many different conditions such as UV exposure, friction and heat.
What is pitted keratolysis?*
Pitted keratolysis is a non contagious bacterial infection that can affect both the soles of the feet or the palms of the hands.
What are some characteristics of pitted keratolysis?*
Characterized by small depressions or pits in the top layer of the skin.
What causes pitted keratolysis?*
Caused by bacteria formed in a sweaty environment most often occurs with hyperhidrosis of hands or feet.
When is pitted keratolysis more noticeable?*
More noticeable when the skin is wet.
What is pitted keratolysis often confused with?*
Tinea pedis.
What is retention hyperkeratosis?*
Retention hyperkeratosis is a hereditary factor in which dead skin cells build up and do not shed from the follicles as they do on normal skin.
What happens when excessive sebum overtaxes the follicle in clients with retention hyperkeratosis?*
Causes additional cell buildup (creating comedones).
What can comedones caused by retention hyperkeratosis be the beginning of?*
Acne problems.
What is a skin tag?*
A skin tag is a bead like fibrous tissue that stands away from the skin. Most commonly found in the underarm or on the neck (caused by friction).
How would you remove a skin tag?
Vasculyse.
What is a keloid or hypertrophic scar and what is the difference?*
A keloid is a raised scar resulting from an over production of collagen - more common in darker skin types.
A hypertrophic scar is the same thing but it is more common in lighter skin types.
What is actinic keratosis?*
Actinic Keratosis is a pink or flesh coloured precancerous lesion (squamous cell) found on sun exposed areas. A scaly patch that may be sharp to touch.
What skin types more commonly get actinic keratosis?*
Usually found on fair skin and caused by UV exposure.
How would you treat actinic keratosis?*
Will not heal and should refer the client to a doctor for treatment.
What is seborrheic keratosis?
Seborrheic keratosis is a non cancerous lesion that originates from cells in the outer layer of the skin after repeated sun exposure.
What does seborrheic keratosis look like?
Seborrheic keratosis appears as a brown, black or light coloured growth in sun exposed areas. They have a waxy, scaly, elevated appearance and may resemble a wart.
What is a verruca?*
A verruca is a wart. Caused by HPV, appear in a grouped papular appearance, they are contagious and can spread.
What is bacterial conjunctivitis?
Pink eye - inflammation of the mucous membrane around the eye, due to chemicals, bacteria or virus. Must be treated with antibiotics.
What is impetigo?*
Impetigo is a contagious bacterial infection, which often occurs in children, but can occur at any age. Clusters of small blisters of crusty lesions filled with staphylococcus bacteria.
What is tinea corporis?
Contagious ringworm caused by fungal infection and forming a ringed red pattern.
What is tinea vericolour?*
A non contagious yeast infection inhibiting melanin production. Characterized by white, brown, or salmon patches on the skin. Humidity and heat stimulate the condition. It can be treated by antifungal creams and selenium shampoos.
What is anhidrosis?*
Anhidrosis is a deficiency in perspiration resulting from a fever or skin disease.
Why does anhidrosis require medical treatment?*
It requires medical treatment because the affected person will not be able to regulate the body temperature.
What is hyperhidrosis?*
Hyperhidrosis is excessive perspiration caused by heat or body weakness. If present while at rest seek medical attention.
What is bromhidrosis?*
Bromhidrosis is foul smelling perspiration, caused by diet, yeast, or bacteria. Usually in the underarms or the feet.
What is another common term for miliaria rubra?
Prickly heat
What is miliaria rubra?
An acute inflammatory disorder of the sweat gland, resulting in eruptions or red vesicles and burning itching skin.
What causes miliaria rubra?
Excessive heat exposure.
Why does miliaria rubra commonly occur in babies?
Babies lack the ability to regulate their body temperature.
What is basal cell carcinoma?*
most common and least severe type of skin cancer, which often appears as light, pearly nodules; characteristics include sores, reddish patches, or a smooth growth with an elevated border.
What is squamous cell carcinoma?*
More serious than basal cell carcinoma; characterized by scaly, red, or pink papules or nodules; also appear as open sores or crusty areas; can grow and spread in the body.
What is malignant melanoma?*
Most serious form of skin cancer as it can spread quickly (metastasize); black or dark patches on the skin are usually uneven in texture, jagged, or raised; melanomas may have surface crust or bleed. 100 percent fatal if left untreated.
True or false. Estheticians are able to diagnose most skin disorders.*
False. Estheticians may not diagnose disorders and diseases of the skin. It is outside their scope of practice. However once diagnosed, estheticians can help clients with many common disorders and conditions.
True or false. Diet high in sugar or salt may trigger inflammation in the skin. *
True.
What is a dermatologist?*
A dermatologist is a physician who specializes in diseases and disorders of the skin, hair, and nails.
