Skin Conditions, Management

Question 1

Both ____________ and ____________ ingredients are important in the treatment of skin conditions

Answer 1

vehicle (vehicle alone may have more than a mere placebo effect)

active

Question 2

What are the effects of the vehicle ingredients of topical skin preparations? (3)

Answer 2

1. Affects the degree of hydration of the skin
2. Has a mild anti-inflammatory effect
3. Aids penetration of the active drug

Question 3

Applications are usually _____________, ____________, or ____________ for application to the skin (including the scalp) or nails

Answer 3

viscous solutions

emulsions

suspensions

Question 4

What are collodions?

Answer 4

Collodions are painted on the skin and allowed to dry to leave a flexible film over the site of application.

Question 5

Creams are emulsions of ___________ and ___________ and are generally well absorbed into the skin. They may contain an antimicrobial preservative unless the active ingredient or basis is intrinsically bactericidal and fungicidal

Answer 5

oil

water

Question 6

Generally, creams are cosmetically more acceptable than ointments because they are _______________

Answer 6

less greasy and easier to apply.

Question 7

Gels consist of active ingredients in suitable hydrophilic or hydrophobic bases; they generally have a high ____________ content.

Answer 7

water

Question 8

Gels are particularly suitable for application to the ____________ and ____________

Answer 8

face

scalp

Question 9

Lotions have a _____________ effect and may be preferred to ointments or creams for application over a hairy area

Answer 9

cooling

Question 10

Lotions in ______________ basis can sting if used on broken skin

Answer 10

alcoholic

Question 11

______________ lotions (such as calamine lotion) contain insoluble powders which leave a deposit on the skin surface.

Answer 11

Shake

Question 12

Ointments are ______________ preparations which are normally anhydrous and insoluble in water, and are more occlusive than creams.

Answer 12

greasy

*They are particularly suitable for chronic, dry lesions

Question 13

Ointments are particularly suitable for ___________, ____________ lesions

Answer 13

Chronic

Dry

Question 14

Water-soluble ointments contain ______________ which are freely soluble in water and are therefore readily washed off

Answer 14

macrogols

Question 15

The most commonly used ointment bases consist of soft _____________ or a combination of soft, liquid, and hard _____________

Answer 15

paraffin

paraffin

Question 16

Pastes are ___________ preparations containing a high proportion of finely powdered solids such as zinc oxide and starch suspended in an ointment.

Answer 16

stiff

Question 17

Pastes are used for ______________ lesions such as those which occur in lichen simplex, chronic eczema, or psoriasis.

Answer 17

circumscribed

• They are less occlusive than ointments and can be used to protect inflamed, lichenified, or excoriated skin

Question 18

Dusting powders are used only rarely. They reduce ___________ between opposing skin surfaces.

Answer 18

friction

• Dusting powders should not be applied to moist areas because they can cake and abrade the skin

Question 19

Dusting powders should not be applied to _____________ areas because they can cake and abrade the skin

Answer 19

moist

Question 20

Talc is a lubricant but it does not absorb moisture; it can cause ____________ irritation

Answer 20

respiratory

Question 21

The BP directs that creams and ointments should not normally be ___________ but that should it be necessary, care should be taken, in particular, to prevent ___________

Answer 21

diluted

microbial contamination

Question 22

What is a suitable amount of creams or ointment to apply to the face? Lotion?

Answer 22

15-30 g

100 ml

*does NOT apply to corticosteroid preparation

Question 23

What is a suitable amount of creams or ointment to apply to both hands? Lotion?

Answer 23

25-50 g

200 ml

*does NOT apply to corticosteroid preparation

Question 24

What is a suitable amount of creams or ointment to apply to the scalp? Lotion?

Answer 24

50-100 g

200 ml

*does NOT apply to corticosteroid preparation

Question 25

What is a suitable amount of creams or ointment to apply to both arms or both legs? Lotion?

Answer 25

100-200 g

200 ml

*does NOT apply to corticosteroid preparation

Question 26

What is a suitable amount of creams or ointment to apply to the trunk? Lotion?

Answer 26

400 g

500 ml

*does NOT apply to corticosteroid preparation

Question 27

What is a suitable amount of creams or ointment to apply to the groin and genitals? Lotion?

Answer 27

15-25 g

100 ml

*does NOT apply to corticosteroid preparation

Question 28

Which excipients are associated (rarely) with sensitization? (18)

Answer 28

1. Beeswax
2. Benzyl alcohol
3. Butylated hydroxyanisole
4. Butylated hydroxytoluene
5. Cetostearyl alcohol (including cetyl and stearyl alcohol)
6. Chlorocresol
7. Edetic acid (EDTA)
8. Ethylenediamine
9. Fragrances
10. Hydroxybenzoates (parabens)
11. Imidurea
12. Isopropyl palmitate
13. N-(3-Chloroallyl)hexaminium chloride (quaternium 15)
14. Polysorbates
15. Propylene glycol
16. Sodium metabisulfite
17. Sorbic acid
18. Wool fat and related substances including lanolin (purified versions of wool fat have reduced the problem)