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Cosmetics > Skin Care Products > Flashcards

Skin Care Products Flashcards

1
Q

Our appreciation of the condition of the skin, both as consumers and as medical professionals, is primarily dependent on these?

visual inspection
auditory inspection
olfactory inspection
gustatory inspection

A

visual inspection

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2
Q

Cosmetic products are intended for interaction with the subcutaneous epidermis, and ideally create objective and visible changes.

T/F

A

F
Answer: superficial

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3
Q

4 Traditional intended benefits of cosmetic products:

A

improvement of:
1. scaling
2. skin color
3. wrinkles (fine and coarse)
4. elasticity

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4
Q

is generally defined as an alkali salt of a long-chain fatty acid. When a fat or oil is saponified, the sodium or potassium salt
formed from the long-chain fatty acids.

Shampoo
Soap
Toothpaste
Lotion

A

Soap

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5
Q

Soap cleans by altering the surface tension of
water and emulsifying and suspending soils to
be rinsed away.

T/F

A

T

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6
Q

long carbon chain end is?

A

nonpolar and hydrophobic

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7
Q

carboxylate salt end is?

A

ionic and hydrophilic.

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8
Q

Which of the following accurately describes what happens when soap molecules encounter oil or grease?

A) The oil or grease is broken down into smaller molecules by the soap.
B) The soap molecules form a barrier around the oil or grease, preventing it from interacting with water.
C) The soap molecules coat the oil or grease, forming clusters called micelles.
D) The soap molecules repel the oil or grease, causing it to separate from water.

A

Answer: C) The soap molecules coat the oil or grease, forming clusters called micelles.

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9
Q

This are soap’s raw materials?

A

FATS AND OILS

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10
Q

naturally occurring fats and oils used in soap making with three fatty acid groups randomly esterified with glycerol (trihydroxy alcohol)

Carboxylic acid
Hydrocarbons
Glycerides
Carboxylate salt

A

Glycerides

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11
Q

Fats are solids and oils are liquid.

T/F

A

True

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12
Q

the most widely used soap making process:
Caustic lye (NaOH) + triglycerides = glycerin & soap

Neutralization
Distillation
Esterification
Saponification

A

Saponification

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13
Q

the second major soap making process:
fatty acid + alkali

Neutralization
Distillation
Esterification
Saponification

A

Neutralization

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14
Q

This is done to fats and oils in order to yield crude fatty acids & glycerin?

Neutralization
Distillation
Hydrolyzed (split)
Saponification

A

Hydrolyzed (split)

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15
Q

Which of the following is the purpose of distillation in the process of producing soap from fatty acids?

A) To mix the fatty acids with water and alkali
B) To filter out impurities from the fatty acids
C) To separate the fatty acids from other compounds
D) To heat the fatty acids and alkali mixture

A

Answer: C) To separate the fatty acids from other compounds.

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16
Q

The principal animal fat in soap making is obtained from the meat processing industry as a result of rendering body fat from beef and in some cases sheep.

PALM OIL
TALLOW
PALM STEARIN
COCONUT OIL
PALM KERNEL OIL

A

TALLOW

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17
Q

one of the most important vegetable oils used in soap making. Composed mostly of C12 (lauric, 48%) and C14 (myristic, 18%) fatty acids, reducing hardness and providing solubility and lather with large bubbles that do not last long.

PALM OIL
TALLOW
PALM STEARIN
COCONUT OIL
PALM KERNEL OIL

A

COCONUT OIL

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18
Q

Often serves as a substitute for tallow, it is obtained from the fruit of the palm tree. Composed of mostly long chain-length fatty acids-such as C16 (palmitic, 44%) and C18:1 (oleic, 41%)-providing properties and compositions more similar to tallow than other vegetable oils.

PALM OIL
TALLOW
PALM STEARIN
COCONUT OIL
PALM KERNEL OIL

A

PALM OIL

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19
Q

Obtained from the center of the nuts of the palm tree and is
composed of mostly shorter chain-length fatty acids-such as C12 (lauric, 50%) and C14 (myristic, 16%)-providing properties and composition similar to coconut oil. And commonly used as a substitute to coconut oil in the soap making process.

PALM OIL
TALLOW
PALM STEARIN
COCONUT OIL
PALM KERNEL OIL

A

PALM KERNEL OIL

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20
Q

composed of mostly long chain- length fatty acids but with lower degree of saturation. It is produced by splitting palm oil
into palm olein (which is used in foods) and palm stearin. It provides properties more similar to tallow than other vegetable oils.

PALM OIL
TALLOW
PALM STEARIN
COCONUT OIL
PALM KERNEL OIL

A

PALM STEARIN

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21
Q

5 oils that is most commonly used fats and oils in the soap-making industry:

A

TALLOW
COCONUT OIL
PALM OIL
PALM KERNEL OIL
PALM STEARIN

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22
Q

SKIN ADDITIVES used in soap:

A

GAFFPOSS ABAFE

A. Fragrance
B. Free Fatty Acid or Superfatting
C. Glycerin
D. Preservatives
E. Skin conditioners
F. Antimicrobial agent
G. Synthetic surfactants
H. Others:
● binders (gums and resins)
● Fillers (dextrin, salt, talc, etc.)
● Exfoliants,
● Anti-acne actives,
● Anti-irritants.

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23
Q

neutral fats and oils are first upgraded to remove particulate
dirt, proteinaceous materials, and other odor and color bodies, and then reacted with caustic (NaOH or KOH) yielding neat soap and free glycerin.

Neutral Fat/Oil Route or Saponification
Fat splitting/Fatty acid route

A

Neutral Fat/Oil Route or Saponification

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24
Q

neutral fats and oils are first upgraded to remove particulate
dirt, proteinaceous materials, and other odor and color bodies, and then reacted with caustic (NaOH or KOH) yielding neat soap and free glycerin.

Neutral Fat/Oil Route or Saponification
Fat splitting/Fatty acid route

A

Neutral Fat/Oil Route or Saponification

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25
Q

the fats and oils (triglycerides) are hydrolyzed with
high-pressure steam (fat splitting) to produce
fatty acids and glycerin. The fatty acids are then purified by distillation and neutralized with an alkali to produce soap
(neat soap) and water. This method of production is most suitable when lower grade fats and oils are used for
soap production.

Neutral Fat/Oil Route or Saponification
Fat splitting/Fatty acid route

A

Fat splitting/Fatty acid route

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26
Q

final moisture level of soap?

A

8 to 16%

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27
Q

BAR SOAP PERFORMANCE EVALUATION:

A

LATHER
WEAR RATE/USE-UP
SLOUGH/MUSH
CRACKING
HARDNESS
BAR FEEL AND SANDINESS
SENSORY SKIN EVALUATIONS
CLINICAL EVALUATIONS

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28
Q

TYPES OF SKIN CLEANSING LIQUIDS:

A
  1. SURFACTANT-TYPE SKIN CLEANSER
  2. SOLVENT-TYPE SKIN CLEANSER
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29
Q

This_____ rates the product on lather quantity, quality, and quickness by rating it on a numerical scale.

A

trained panel

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30
Q

The amount of lather, how rapidly a product lathers, and the quality of lather can be judged by a trained panel.

SENSORY SKIN EVALUATIONS
LATHER
HARDNESS
WEAR RATE/USE-UP
BAR FEEL AND SANDINESS
SLOUGH/MUSH
CRACKING
CLINICAL EVALUATIONS

A

LATHER

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31
Q

The measurement of how long a bar lasts under normal use conditions is an important attribute to the consumer perceived value.

SENSORY SKIN EVALUATIONS
LATHER
HARDNESS
WEAR RATE/USE-UP
BAR FEEL AND SANDINESS
SLOUGH/MUSH
CRACKING
CLINICAL EVALUATIONS

A

WEAR RATE/USE-UP

32
Q

the undesirable soft part of the bar that results from the hydration of a soap bar as it sits in a wet soap dish.

SENSORY SKIN EVALUATIONS
LATHER
HARDNESS
WEAR RATE/USE-UP
BAR FEEL AND SANDINESS
SLOUGH/MUSH
CRACKING
CLINICAL EVALUATIONS

A

SLOUGH/MUSH

33
Q

the splitting of a bar along the side seams or at any part in the bar during use.

SENSORY SKIN EVALUATIONS
LATHER
HARDNESS
WEAR RATE/USE-UP
BAR FEEL AND SANDINESS
SLOUGH/MUSH
CRACKING
CLINICAL EVALUATIONS

A

CRACKING

34
Q

a mechanical measure of how resistant the bar is to physical pressure.

SENSORY SKIN EVALUATIONS
LATHER
HARDNESS
WEAR RATE/USE-UP
BAR FEEL AND SANDINESS
SLOUGH/MUSH
CRACKING
CLINICAL EVALUATIONS

A

HARDNESS

35
Q

evaluated for dry specks and drag. Specks of dry soap (insoluble soap) can occur during the manufacture of the base
soap or syndet or from the additives in the soap bar.

SENSORY SKIN EVALUATIONS
LATHER
HARDNESS
WEAR RATE/USE-UP
BAR FEEL AND SANDINESS
SLOUGH/MUSH
CRACKING
CLINICAL EVALUATIONS

A

BAR FEEL AND SANDINESS

36
Q

Clearly, next to the fragrance preference at the point of purchase, skin feel and lather are the most important attributes for consumers. Various skin feel attributes from bar soaps are evaluated by a trained panel of experts.

SENSORY SKIN EVALUATIONS
LATHER
HARDNESS
WEAR RATE/USE-UP
BAR FEEL AND SANDINESS
SLOUGH/MUSH
CRACKING
CLINICAL EVALUATIONS

A

SENSORY SKIN EVALUATIONS

37
Q

used to determine how effective the products are on certain attributes, primarily mildness/irritation, skin dryness/tightness, antibacterial efficacy, and deodorancy.

SENSORY SKIN EVALUATIONS
LATHER
HARDNESS
WEAR RATE/USE-UP
BAR FEEL AND SANDINESS
SLOUGH/MUSH
CRACKING
CLINICAL EVALUATIONS

A

CLINICAL EVALUATIONS

38
Q

are products that clean and refresh the skin by removing soil or dirty materials to help keep the skin’s physiological condition normal.

SKIN CLEANSING LIQUIDS
SOAP
LOTION

A

SKIN CLEANSING LIQUIDS

39
Q

______ soaps are commonly used for solid bars.

Opaque soft bar
Potassium
Sodium

A

Sodium

40
Q

______soaps are mainly for paste-type cleansers or shaving foams.

Opaque soft bar
Potassium
Sodium

A

Potassium

41
Q

______is made from triethanolamine soap as a gentle facial cleanser.

Opaque soft bar
Potassium
Sodium

A

Opaque soft bar

42
Q

has a unique feature as weakly
acidic similar to skin pH surfactant and is thus
often used as a primary surfactant to give
superb mildness for different formulation types.

Alkylethersulfate
Acylisethionate,
Acylglutamate
Acylmethyltaurate
Acylglycinate

A

Acylglutamate

43
Q

They fulfill a variety of functions by either acting directly on the skin (e.g., moisturizers) or being a cosmetically elegant vehicle for the delivery of specific active ingredients (e.g., sunscreens or antipruritic or antiacne medicaments).

A

EMULSION-BASED SKINCARE PRODUCTS

44
Q

To Prevent or ameliorate diseases by altering the structure and/or function of the body.

Cosmetics
Cosmeceuticals
Drugs

A

Drugs

45
Q

To beautify and improve the feeling or sensory aspects of normal and/or non diseased skin.

Cosmetics
Cosmeceuticals
Drugs

A

Cosmetics

46
Q

An intermediate classification for cosmetic products that may enhance the function of skin. Currently, this category is not recognized by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Cosmetics
Cosmeceuticals
Drugs

A

Cosmeceuticals

47
Q

are the most commonly formulated. These types of emulsions tend to feel less greasy and have a lower cost than other forms because of a higher water content.

water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions
oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions
aqueous gel emulsions
silicone in water emulsions

A

oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions

48
Q

have historically been less popular because of a characteristic greasy, oily feel on application to skin. However, the development of newer emulsifiers has enabled a skilled formulator to develop _______ of a lighter texture.

water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions
oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions
aqueous gel emulsions
silicone in water emulsions

A

water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions

49
Q

Used to form stable water in silicone (w/Si)

or w/o emulsions. These silicones are polymeric surface active agents with long bond lengths and wide bond angles. This provides for free rotation of functional groups permitting formulation of w/o and W/Si emulsions with exceptional elegance and good coverage when applied to the skin.

water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions
oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions
aqueous gel emulsions
silicone in water emulsions

A

silicone in water emulsions

50
Q

Examples of Different Types of Emulsifiers:

A

→ nonionic
→ Hydrophilic
→ Lipophilic
→ Ethoxylated
→ nonethoxylated.

51
Q

This allows the formulating chemist to combine otherwise incompatible ingredients into an effective, commercially desirable cosmetic product?

A

Emulsions

52
Q

Hydrophilic moieties:

A

→ polyhydric alcohols
→ polyethylene chains

53
Q

Lipophilic moieties:

A

→ fatty acids
→ cyclic hydrocarbons
→ combination of both

54
Q

Typically contain 10 to 35% oil phase, and a lower viscosity emulsion may have an oil phase reduced to 5 to 15%. Water in the external phase of the emulsion helps hydrate the stratum comeum of the skin.

water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions
oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions
aqueous gel emulsions
silicone in water emulsions

A

oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions

55
Q

These emulsions typically have a total of 45 to 80% oil phase. May be desirable when greater release of a medicating agent or the perception of greater emolliency is desired.
Emulsifiers having an HLB range of 2.5 to 6 are frequently selected.

water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions
oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions
aqueous gel emulsions
silicone in water emulsions

A

water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions

56
Q

These new types of emulsions are of interest to the skincare formulator because of the elegant appearance and less greasy feel of these formulation types. Benefits of these types of formulations are the claimed sustained release of entrapped materials in the intemal phase and separation of various incompatible ingredients in the same formulation

aqueous gel emulsions
multiple emulsions
silicone in water emulsions

A

multiple emulsions

57
Q

where the internal and external water phases are separated by oil.

Water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w)
Oil-in-water-in-oil (o/w/o)

A

Water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w)

58
Q

where the water phase separates the two oil phases.

Water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w)
Oil-in-water-in-oil (o/w/o)

A

Oil-in-water-in-oil (o/w/o)

59
Q

These materials are water-soluble and do not hydrolyze or support mold growth and are available in a variety of molecular weights.

A

Polyethylene glycol polymers (PEGs)

60
Q

a component of some absorption bases, has been shown to be absorbed into delipidized skin and to accelerate barrier recovery.

A

Petrolatum

61
Q

Microbial contamination with pathogenic microorganisms can pose a health risk to the consumer, especially from Pseudomonas infection in the eyes, or from an existing illness. Microbial contamination may cause an emulsion to separate and/or form off-odors. Contaminated products are also subject to recall, which is undesirable from a commercial view point.

T/F

A

T

62
Q

The majority of clinical studies that measure the relief of dry skin after lotion application use either the ____.

Kligman regression protocol
Highley Hand Wash protocol
Kligman regression test

A

Kligman regression protocol

63
Q

These studies start out with dry skin, which is treated for an extended period, followed by a short regression phase during which product usage is discontinued.

Kligman regression protocol
Highley Hand Wash protocol
Kligman regression test

A

Kligman regression protocol

64
Q

The panelists wash their hands with a detergent based cleanser for 1 minute, 5 times a day for several days. Lotions are applied to test sites after the first four washes each day.

Kligman regression protocol
Highley Hand Wash protocol
Kligman regression test

A

Highley Hand Wash protocol

65
Q

a localized condition of subcutaneous fat and connective tissues with the typical visual appearance of the orange-peel look of the skin.

A

Cellulite

66
Q

TREATMENTS OF CELLULITE:

A

Manual and electromechanical deep massage
(“pincer rouler”) Manual lymph drainage
Sequential pneumatic compression (lymph drainage)
Electrolipolysis, mesotherapy
Topical applications of dermatocosmetic products with and without massage.

67
Q

Causes of wrinkles:

A

→ Age
→ Fat in the deeper layers of your skin diminishes.
→ Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light.
→ Smoking
→ Repeated facial expressions.

68
Q

ANTI WRINKLES PRODUCTS:

A

Sunscreens
Cosmetics
Moisturizers
Alpha- and Beta-Hydroxy Acids
Retinoids
Vitamins
Hormones
Minerals

69
Q

the active ingredient in sunless or self-tanners, and is responsible for darkening the skin by staining

A

Dihydroxyacetone (DHA)

70
Q

ADDITIVES TO DHA FORMULATIONS:

A

Vitamins
Botanical extracts
Antioxidants, antiirritants
Alpha-hydroxy acids

71
Q

is a nonvolatile chemical used in the photographic, rubber, chemical, and cosmetic industries.

KOJIC ACID
HYDROQUINONE (1,4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE)
ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C)

A

HYDROQUINONE (1,4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE)

72
Q

Skin-lightening agent has been established in both human and animal studies. Applied topically in the treatment of melasma, freckles, and senile lentigines, as well as postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.

KOJIC ACID
HYDROQUINONE (1,4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE)
ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C)

A

HYDROQUINONE (1,4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE)

73
Q

Inhibits the conversion of dopa to melanin by inhibiting the tyrosinase enzyme. Inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis, degradation of melanosomes, and destruction of melanocytes.

KOJIC ACID
HYDROQUINONE (1,4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE)
ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C)

A

HYDROQUINONE (1,4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE)

74
Q

a fungal metabolic product, is increasingly being used as a skin-lightening agent in skincare products marketed in Japan since 1988. It was first isolated from Aspergillus in 1907.

KOJIC ACID
HYDROQUINONE (1,4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE)
ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C)

A

KOJIC ACID

75
Q

The mode of action of ______ is to suppress free tyrosinase, mainly attributable to chelation of its copper and it has been shown to be responsible for therapy and prevention of pigmentation, both in vitro and in vivo.

KOJIC ACID
HYDROQUINONE (1,4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE)
ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C)

A

KOJIC ACID

76
Q

may inhibit melanin production by reducing o-quinones so that melanin cannot be formed by the action of tyrosinase until all ____ is oxidized.

KOJIC ACID
HYDROQUINONE (1,4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE)
ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C)

A

ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C)

77
Q

Although the lightening effect of ____ is considered, it is quickly oxidized and decomposes in aqueous solution and is thus not generally useful as a depigmenting agent.

KOJIC ACID
HYDROQUINONE (1,4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE)
ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C)

A

ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C)

Cosmetics (10 decks)

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