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Cosmetics > Finals Decorative > Flashcards

Finals Decorative Flashcards

1
Q

Are products that are intended to change the appearance of facial skin.

A

Face Powders

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2
Q

These cosmetics products are used to cover minor imperfections and reduce the shine that appears on the skin due to sebum or perspiration.

A

Face Powders

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3
Q

They are required to give a matt, smooth finish to the skin and remain this way for as long as possible

A

Face Powders

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4
Q

They typically work by applying color to the skin or through other effects such as altering the reflection of light or the shininess of the skin.

A

Face Powders

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5
Q

Finer and tend to set make up better than pressed powder. Applied using a brush or a puff. This make it less portable.

Compact/ Pressed face powders
Loose face powders

A

Loose face powders

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6
Q

Comes in a cake form, provides better and longer coverage. Can be applied using dense puff or make up sponge

Compact/ Pressed face powders
Loose face powders

A

Compact/ Pressed face powders

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7
Q

Unpigmented, sheer powder used mainly to control oily zones.

Tinted/Translucent

A

Translucent

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8
Q

pigmented and usually worn without foundation.

Tinted/Translucent

A

Tinted

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9
Q

General Characteristics of Face powders:

A
  1. The powder should have the required covering power to mask minor visible skin imperfections.
  2. It should adhere to the skin and must not be completely dissipated in a short time, so avoiding frequent repowdering.
  3. The finish given to the skin must complement the skin color, imparting a velvet or peachlike character.
  4. Shine on or around the nose must be completely eliminated. The powder must be absorbent without changing its appearance on the skin.
  5. There must be sufficient slip to enable the powder to be applied to the skin with a suitable applicator, such as a puff or brush, without dragging or producing a blotchy effect.
  6. The constituents of the powder should be such that a clown like effect is impossible
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10
Q

Homogeneous dispersion of the pigments in the white base is very important in manufacturing face powders.

A

Color extension

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11
Q

Methods of preparation:

A

Wet method
Dry method
Damp method

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12
Q

Materials and binders are compressed by using simple pressure in specialized presses.

Wet method
Dry method
Damp method

A

Dry method

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13
Q

Basic materials with colors and binders are kneaded into a paste with water Pressed into a mold and subjected to air drying. This is not commonly used because this method could cause cracking

Wet method
Dry method
Damp method

A

Wet method

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14
Q

The base powder, color and perfume are mixed uniformly. The mixture formed is then wetted down with liquid binders Like aqueous mucilage and blended until the proper degree of plasticity of the mass is achieved. Powder then is screened and compressed by machine and dried.

Wet method
Dry method
Damp method

A

Damp method

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15
Q

This is the most accepted method in making powders

Wet method
Dry method
Damp method

A

Damp method

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16
Q

Homogeneous dispersion of the pigments is achieved by adequate extension of the pigments by passing the pigment and talc through a?

hammer mill/High velocity mixer

A

hammer mill

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17
Q

This breaks up the pigment agglomerates, which then stabilize by becoming coated onto the talc particles

hammer mill/High velocity mixer

A

hammer mill

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18
Q

known as a plough A high device. This equipment uses a high– shear speed chopper in addition to mixing paddles rotating on an axial shaft. The chopper is mainly responsible for the powder extension.

hammer mill/High velocity mixer

A

High velocity mixer

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19
Q

The materials used as binding agents provide greater cohesion.

A

Binding agents

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20
Q

dry (powder) sources:

A

zinc and magnesium stearate

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21
Q

Oil sources:

A

mineral oil, isopropyl myristate , and lanolin derivatives

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22
Q

Binding agents:

A
  1. dry (powder)
  2. Oil
  3. Silicone
  4. Emulsion - using an Oil in water emulsion
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23
Q

are a form of compact powder foundation that can be applied to the skin by use of either a wet or dry sponge. The overall function is to provide a natural looking smooth finish.

A

Twoway foundations

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24
Q

They combine the properties of a foundation with that of a face powder, with extended wear and the potential to minimize the appearance of wrinkles, blemishes and skin pores.

A

Twoway foundations

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25
Q

The two most important criteria of substrates and extenders for two way foundations:

A

• platelet shape
• flexibility of structure

Platelettype substrates and extenders enhances the feel of the formulation

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26
Q

preferred in two-way foundations owing to its appearance and feel

Mica
Talc
Sericite
Spherical powders
Composite Minerals

A

Sericite

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27
Q

Utilization for two way foundation is limited to no more than 10%. More than this amount will diminished the benefits of sericite. Imparts a much whiter, less transparent look on the skin because after pulverization the particle size is significantly reduced.

Mica
Talc
Sericite
Spherical powders
Composite Minerals

A

Talc

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28
Q

Incorporation between 5% and 10% because it adds transparency. The total content of the mica group of minerals is usually 20-35%.

Mica
Talc
Sericite
Spherical powders
Composite Minerals

A

Mica

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29
Q

Imparts a silky smooth feel, enhanced pay-off, and smoother skin application in two way make up foundation products.

Mica
Talc
Sericite
Spherical powders
Composite Minerals

A

Spherical powders

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30
Q

Minimize the appearance of unevenness of the skin, such as wrinkles and blemishes, in a natural way, when combined with Mica.

Mica
Talc
Sericite
Spherical powders
Composite Minerals

A

Composite Minerals

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31
Q

Example of Composite Minerals:

A

aluminum hydroxide

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32
Q

has a refractive index of 1.56 which is almost identical to that of the skin (1.55). When thin layers of _____ are deposited onto mica in a honeycomb structure the light the skin are simulated.

A

aluminium hydroxide

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33
Q

dominant features of the face, especially during conversation. They reflect emotional states as well as being indicative of our state of health.

eyes
tooth
nose
lips

A

Eyes

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34
Q

Includes products that are used around
the eye to enhance the appearance of the
eyes and to emphasize the beauty of the
eyes.

eye products
face powders
lip products

A

EYE PRODUCTS

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35
Q

The first set, known as ______, primary, or ‘‘milk’’ teeth, begins to appear in infants between the age of 5 and 9 months. All 20 of these ‘‘baby’’ teeth are generally in
place by age 2 1/2 years.

deciduous/succedaneous

A

deciduous

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36
Q

The second set, or permanent teeth, forms within the gums during the period from infancy to puberty. These teeth, also known as______ teeth, begin to erupt at around age 5,
displacing the deciduous set as they appear. There are 32 permanent teeth.

deciduous/succedaneous

A

succedaneous

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37
Q

The Parts of a Tooth:

A
  1. The area above the gum that can be seen.
  2. The area below the gum that is not visible
  3. The constricted portion, or neck, between the other two parts.
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38
Q

The ___ is the enamel-covered portion of the tooth.

root
neck
crown

A

crown

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39
Q

The ___ is the portion of the tooth which, by means of the periodontal ligament, relates to the osseous (bony) structures of the jaw.

root
neck
crown

A

root

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40
Q

The Tissues of a Tooth:

A
  1. Enamel
  2. Dentin
  3. Pulp
  4. Cementum
  5. Periodontal ligament
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41
Q

Other Parts of the Mouth:

A
  1. Palate
  2. Tongue
  3. Saliva and salivary
    glands
  4. Oral mucosa
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42
Q

Important functions of Saliva:

A

• to assist in the digestion of food,
• to prepare food for swallowing by altering its consistency,
• to moisten and lubricate the mouth and lips.
• to cleanse the mouth and teeth from food debris and other foreign materials, and
• to excrete organic and inorganic substances from the body.

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43
Q

DENTAL DISEASES WORLDWIDE:

A

• Cavities (caries)
• Tartar (calculus)
• Sore gums (gingivitis)
• Periodontitis (loss of teeth supporting the tissue)

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44
Q

A paste or gel to be used with a toothbrush to maintain and improve oral health and aesthetics.

A

Toothpaste or Dentrifices

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45
Q

The essential ingredients of a toothpaste are:

A

• a thickening agent
• an abrasive cleaning agent
• a surfactant
• a humectant
• Flavoring agent
• active therapeutic agents.

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46
Q

two types of stains on teeth:

A

extrinsic stain
intrinsic stain

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47
Q

Originate from chromogenic material from food or drink

extrinsic stain
intrinsic stain

A

stain on teeth (extrinsic stain).

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48
Q

Caused by therapeutic agents, such as tetracycline, or excessive fluoride exposure during teeth development.

extrinsic stain
intrinsic stain

A

stain in the tooth (intrinsic stain)

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49
Q

caused by oral bacteria reacting with salivary proteins to form volatile sulfur compounds (VSC).

A

Local mouth odor

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50
Q

Major components of mouth odor:

A

• hydrogen sulfide
• methyl mercaptan
• dimethyl sulfide

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51
Q

A white or brown spot on the tooth’s surface may be a sign of early decay. Brushing with a fluoride toothpaste and flossing may prevent it from becoming a cavity.

A

Stage 1

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52
Q

The decay has gone through the tooth’s hard enamel surface
layer.

A

Stage 2

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53
Q

Now that the cavity has gone through the enamel to the softer layer of the tooth, it will get destroy the tooth structure more quickly as the layers of tooth beneath the enamel are not as hard

A

Stage 3

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54
Q

If the cavity is not filled, it can cause bigger problems deeper in the tooth. This is why it’s important to see your dental team regularly.

A

Stage 4

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55
Q

a crusty deposit that can trap stains on the teeth and cause discoloration.

A

Teeth tartar (dental calculus)

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56
Q

General methods in removing tooth calculus:

A

• Mechanical means
• Chemical means
(prevents the formation of the basic phases of calcium phosphates)
inhibitors of the formation of calcium phosphate.

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57
Q

An acute, localized tooth pain in response to thermal, tactile,
or air blast stimulation to exposed dentine surfaces.

A

Dentinal hypersensitivity

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58
Q

The next development in dentifrice technology was to incorporate antibacterial agents with fluoride and tartar reducing compounds.

A

Multibenefit Technologies in Dentifrices

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59
Q

Characteristics of Antibacterials for Plaque Effects:

A

Broad spectrum antibacterial activity
Substantivity to oral surfaces
Good taste
Compatible with toothpaste ingredients
Low toxicity
No disturbance of oral ecology

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60
Q

Cationic Antibacterial Agents:

A

• chlorhexidine digluconate (CHDG)
• benzethonium chloride (BTC)
• cetyl pyridium chloride (CPC)

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61
Q

is more effective than BTC or CPC and has higher retention in the oral environment.

A

chlorhexidine digluconate (CHDG)

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62
Q

=effective against plaque, gingivitis, calculus, and caries reduction.
=‘‘double-barrel’’ effect. This unique antibacterial not only kills bacteria, but also neutralizes the products of bacteria which could provoke inflammation.
=potent inhibitor of both cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways

A

Triclosan

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63
Q

A typical therapeutic rinse contains surfactants, flavor, active agent, and water

A

Mouth rinse

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64
Q

Eye cosmetic products that partakes colour and gloss to the eyelids.

A

Eyeshadow

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65
Q

This is the most fashion-conscious area of decorative cosmetics, the popular shades varying with the season and clothes that are in fashion at the time.

A

Eyeshadow

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66
Q

Good characteristics of an eyes shadow:

A

✓Easily applied without dragging at the sensitive skin in the eye area
✓Retention and longevity of wear
✓Non Greasy

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67
Q

Common form of eyeshadows. These are sold as single
colours in a small compact w/ or w/o an applicator, or as collections of colours that tone together in larger compacts or tins with a number of applicators.

A

Pressed powder eyeshadow

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68
Q

______ are used to act as a powder binder and also give skin adhesions.

A

Talc with zinc stearate

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69
Q

Ingredients such as silicates and carbonates are not as widely used in eye powder products due to their drying effect on the skin and harsh gritty feel.

T/F

A

T

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70
Q

Fragrances can also be used in eyeshadows.

T/F

A

F

Fragrances should never be used in eyeshadows.

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71
Q

Talc

Imparts slip/base
Powder binder and gives adherence to the skin
Liquid binder
Pigment

A

Imparts slip/base

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72
Q

Talc

Imparts slip/base
pigment
liquid binder
powder binder; gives adherence to the skin

A

Imparts slip/base

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73
Q

Zinc Stearate

Imparts slip/base
pigment
liquid binder
powder binder; gives adherence to the skin

A

powder binder; gives adherence to the skin

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74
Q

Liquid Ester

Imparts slip/base
pigment
liquid binder
powder binder; gives adherence to the skin

A

liquid binder

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75
Q

Ultramarine blue

Imparts slip/base
pigment
liquid binder
powder binder; gives adherence to the skin

A

pigment

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76
Q

Chrome oxide green

preservative
pigment
white pearl
coloured pearl

A

pigment

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77
Q

FDC Yellow No. 5 Al Lake

preservative
pigment
white pearl
coloured pearl

A

pigment

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78
Q

Colorona Dark blue

preservative
pigment
white pearl
coloured pearl

A

coloured pearl

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79
Q

Timiron MP 115

preservative
pigment
white pearl
coloured pearl

A

white pearl

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80
Q

The properties and quality control of finished pressed-powder products:

A

➢ Dispersion of pigments
➢ Matching of shade
➢ Powder-cake stability
➢ Bulk density
➢ Microbiological check

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81
Q

Methylparaben

preservative
pigment
white pearl
coloured pearl

A

preservative

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82
Q

Propylparaben

preservative
pigment
white pearl
coloured pearl

A

preservative

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83
Q

Imidazolinidyl Urea

preservative
pigment
white pearl
coloured pearl

A

preservative

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84
Q

The products have high viscosity, so the pigments and pearls do not sink or float, but the products are thixotropic when squeezed from the tube, so allowing easy application.

A

Cream eyeshadow

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85
Q

True or False: The products are specially formulated to ensure that potentially harmful microorganisms cannot grow and multiply.

A

T

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86
Q

True or False: The safety of Mascaras is established by selection of ingredients that are safe and suitable for this purpose. In addition, Mascaras are assessed for their potential to cause skin irritation or cause allergic reactions.

A

T

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87
Q

Types of Mascara:

A
  • Cake mascara
  • Cream mascaras
  • Waterproof mascaras
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88
Q

11 common ingredients of Mascara:

A
  • Glycerin
  • Propylene Glycol
  • TEA-Stearate
  • Isopropyl Myristate
  • Copernicia Cerifera (Carnauba) Wax
  • Cyclomethicone
  • Magnesium Silicate
  • Ammonium Acrylates Copolymer
  • Fragrance
  • Color Additives
  • Water
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89
Q

Are applied to the rims of the eyelids following the eyeshadow to accentuate the shape of the eyes.

A

Eyeliners

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90
Q

True or False: Liquid eyeliners are marketed in slim bottles, similar to those used to apply mascaras, with the mascara brush replaced by a thin pointed brush, or in a pen-type format, in which the product is incorporated in a rigid bottle to which is attached a nib.

A

T

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91
Q

True or False: Eyeliners are only available in pencil form and can be sharpened to allow a line to be drawn, with the traditional Kohl pencil being the best known of these.

A

False.

While eyeliners are indeed available in pencil form that can be sharpened, they are not limited to this type. Eyeliners are available in various formulations and formats, including liquid, gel, and pen-style eyeliners. These alternatives offer different application methods and consistencies, catering to individual preferences and desired eyeliner effects. The traditional Kohl pencil is just one option among several choices available for achieving eyeliner looks.

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92
Q

Common Ingredients of Eyeliners:

A

Ammonium Acrylates Copolymer
Carbomer
Color Additives
Dimethicone
Fragrance
Glycerin
Magnesium Silicate
Mineral Oil
PEG-6 Sorbitan Oleate
Polysorbate 20
Propylene Glycol

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93
Q

These are products that apply color to the eyebrows to fill in & define the eyebrows. It contain special ingredients that apply color where it is needed in a precise & controlled manner. The products are specially formulated to ensure that potentially harmful microorganisms cannot grow and multiply.

A

Eyebrow Pencils

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94
Q

True or False: The long thin pencils with a hard ‘lead’ would be used for eyeliners, and shorter fatter pencils with a softer ‘lead’ that would not pull at the eyelid for eyeshadows.

A

True

long thin pencils w/ hard ‘lead’ = eyeliners
shorter fatter pencils w/ softer ‘lead’ = eyeshadows

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95
Q

True or False: Whichever type of Eyebrow Pencils, the leads are blends of waxes, hardened fats, fats, oils, pigments, and pearls along with antioxidants and preservatives, with the pigments and pearls being evenly dispersed throughout.

A

T

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96
Q

Common Ingredients of Eyebrow pencils:

A
  • Dimethicone
  • Glycerin
  • Talc
  • Ozokerite
  • Polysorbate 60
  • Copernicia Cerifera (Carnauba) Wax
  • PEG-6 Sorbitan Stearate
  • Fragrance
  • Color Additives
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97
Q

INCI name of Beeswax

A

Cera Alba

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98
Q

INCI name of Ozokerite Wax

A

Ozokerite

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99
Q

Formula of wooded eye pencil, moulded wax type:

A

Beeswax
Ozokerite Wax
Propyl Stearate
Lanolin
Castor Oil
Mineral Oil
Antioxidant (ex. BHT)

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100
Q

INCI name of Castor Oil

A

Castor (Ricinus Communis) Oil

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101
Q

INCI name of Mineral Oil

A

Mineral (Paraffinum Liquidum) Oil

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102
Q

have been used since ancient times to enhance the appearance of the lips by imparting colour and gloss, and by
re-defining the outline of the lips.

A

Lip products

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103
Q

True or False: Many women will wear lipstick even if they use no other make-up. If applied skillfully, lip products can significantly alter the apparent facial characteristics of the wearer.

A

T

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104
Q

three most common lip products:

A

lipsticks, lipglosses and lipliners, of which
lipsticks are the most common.

Other preparations:
❑ Tinted Lip Balm
❑ Semi-matte Lipstick
❑ Cream Lipstick
❑ Matte Lipstick
❑ Lip Satin

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105
Q

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENT AND RAW MATERIALS:

A
  • During application the product must be smooth, and non greasy.
  • Adherence well to the skin of the lips
  • Color retention consistency
  • Must not smear or run.
  • Remain on the lips as long as possible and not transfer from the lips to other surfaces such as cups (or shirt collars
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106
Q

-main oil of lipsticks
-Ideal as a suspending medium for the coloring agents.
-It has a reasonable taste provided a good quality is used
-Soluble in alcohol

A

Castor Oil

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107
Q

True or False: The main disadvantage in the use of castor oil is its inherent instability. This can be overcome, however, with the inclusion of a small amount of antioxidant such as butylated hydroxytoluene or anisole (BHT and BHA).

A

T

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108
Q

Is a widely used co-solvent in lipsticks. It aids pigment dispersion and has a pleasant skin feel and virtually no taste or odor.

A

Oleyl alcohol

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109
Q

True or False: Mineral oil in lip products is not recommended without a cosolvent, such as isocetyl alcohol, as it is insoluble in castor oil, and without the co-solvent an unstable system results with the mineral oil tending to sweat out.

A

T

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110
Q

is a blend of mineral oil and paraffin wax; its use in lipsticks
is limited but it is widely used in lip glosses.

A

Petroleum jelly

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111
Q

is also one of the major constituents of lipglosses as it is
extremely sticky, very thick and almost tasteless.

A

Polybutene

112
Q

are considered as unctuous solids with different levels of luster and plasticity. They are used to give structure to lipsticks
and lip liners. They help lipsticks to keep their form in high temperatures.

All the waxes used must be flexible but not brittle and have the ability to retain oils in their crystal structure.

A

Waxes

113
Q

Two main groups of waxes:

A
  • Natural
  • Synthetic
114
Q

paraffin wax

Hydrocarbon waxes
Mineral waxes
Vegetable waxes
Animal waxes

A

Hydrocarbon waxes

115
Q

microcrystalline waxes

Hydrocarbon waxes
Mineral waxes
Vegetable waxes
Animal waxes

A

Hydrocarbon waxes

116
Q

Ozokerite

Hydrocarbon waxes
Mineral waxes
Vegetable waxes
Animal waxes

A

Mineral waxes

117
Q

ceresine

Hydrocarbon waxes
Mineral waxes
Vegetable waxes
Animal waxes

A

Mineral waxes

118
Q

Montana

Hydrocarbon waxes
Mineral waxes
Vegetable waxes
Animal waxes

A

Mineral waxes

119
Q

Candelilla

Hydrocarbon waxes
Mineral waxes
Vegetable waxes
Animal waxes

A

Vegetable waxes

120
Q

Sugar cane

Hydrocarbon waxes
Mineral waxes
Vegetable waxes
Animal waxes

A

Vegetable waxes

121
Q

carnauba

Hydrocarbon waxes
Mineral waxes
Vegetable waxes
Animal waxes

A

Vegetable waxes

122
Q

Japan wax

Hydrocarbon waxes
Mineral waxes
Vegetable waxes
Animal waxes

A

Vegetable waxes

123
Q

Rice wax

Hydrocarbon waxes
Mineral waxes
Vegetable waxes
Animal waxes

A

Vegetable waxes

124
Q

Beeswax

Hydrocarbon waxes
Mineral waxes
Vegetable waxes
Animal waxes

A

Animal waxes

125
Q

Lanolin

Hydrocarbon waxes
Mineral waxes
Vegetable waxes
Animal waxes

A

Animal waxes

126
Q

These products are usually far more liquid than a traditional lipstick and the use of waxes is limited.

A

Lipglosses

127
Q

These are most often slim pencils, or fluids encased in special ‘pens’ to which is attached a fine brush through which the
product is dispensed, and with which the outline of the lips can be drawn.

A

Lipliners

128
Q

When do the first set of teeth, known as deciduous or primary teeth, generally complete their eruption and become fully in place in infants?

A) Between the age of 1 and 3 months.
B) Between the age of 5 and 9 months.
C) Between the age of 12 and 18 months.
D) By age 2 1/2 years.

A

D) By age 2 1/2 years.

129
Q

At what age do the first set of teeth, also known as deciduous, primary, or ‘milk’ teeth, typically start to emerge in infants?

A) 3-5 months
B) 5-9 months
C) 12-18 months
D) 2 1/2-3 years

A

B) 5-9 months

130
Q

When do the second set of teeth, also known as permanent teeth or succedaneous teeth, typically begin to erupt in children?

A) At birth
B) Around age 2
C) Around age 5
D) During puberty

A

C) Around age 5

131
Q

How many permanent teeth are located in the upper jaw (maxillary dental arch) and how many are located in the lower jaw (mandibular dental arch)?

A) 12 in the upper jaw, 20 in the lower jaw
B) 16 in the upper jaw, 16 in the lower jaw
C) 20 in the upper jaw, 12 in the lower jaw
D) 32 in the upper jaw, 32 in the lower jaw

A

B) 16 in the upper jaw, 16 in the lower jaw

132
Q

What percentage of an individual’s lifetime is typically spent chewing with the properly cared for permanent teeth?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 91%

A

D) 91%

133
Q

Which part of the skull houses the upper jaw and the immovable maxillary dental arch?

A) Cranium
B) Mandible
C) Zygomatic bone
D) Temporal bone

A

A) Cranium

134
Q

the enamel-covered portion of the tooth.

A

crown

135
Q

the portion of the tooth which, by means of the periodontal ligament, relates to the osseous (bony) structures of the jaw.

A

root

136
Q

5 different tissues of the tooth:

A
  1. Enamel
  2. Dentin
  3. Pulp
  4. Cementum
  5. Periodontal ligament
137
Q

Other Parts of the Mouth:

A

1.Palate
2. Tongue
3.Saliva and salivary glands
4. Oral mucosa

138
Q

Important functions of Saliva:

A
  • to assist in the digestion of food,
  • to prepare food for swallowing by altering its consistency,
  • to moisten and lubricate the mouth and lips.
  • to cleanse the mouth and teeth from food debris and other foreign materials, and
  • to excrete organic and inorganic substances from the body.

“D-P-M-C-E”
D - Digestion of food
P - Prepare food for swallowing
M - Moisten and lubricate mouth and lips
C - Cleanse mouth and teeth
E - Excrete substances from the body

139
Q

(caries)

A

Cavities

140
Q

(calculus)

A

Tartar

141
Q

(gingivitis)

A

Sore gums

142
Q

(loss of teeth supporting the tissue)

A

Periodontitis

143
Q

A paste or gel to be used with a toothbrush to maintain and improve oral health and aesthetics. Among these can be compounds to combat dental caries, gum disease,
malodor, calculus, erosion and dentin hypersensitivity.

A

Toothpaste or Dentrifices

144
Q

True or False: Toothpaste formulations have remained relatively unchanged since their introduction several thousand years ago.

A

False

145
Q

The essential ingredients of a toothpaste are:

A
  • a thickening agent
  • an abrasive cleaning agent
  • a surfactant
  • a humectant
  • Flavoring agent
  • active therapeutic agents.

“T-A-S-H-F-A”
T - Thickening agent
A - Abrasive cleaning agent
S - Surfactant
H - Humectant
F - Flavoring agent
A - Active therapeutic agents

146
Q

Originate from chromogenic material from food or drink

A

stain on teeth (extrinsic stain)

147
Q

Caused by therapeutic agents, such as tetracycline, or excessive fluoride exposure during teeth development .

A

stain in the tooth (intrinsic stain)

148
Q

silicon dioxide, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, and aluminum salts

Cleaning by Abrasion
Cleaning Enhancement
Cleaning + H2O2 Whitening
Dental Office Whitening Kits

A

1970 - Cleaning by Abrasion

149
Q

+calcined alumina or enzymes with or without tartar control ingredient

Cleaning by Abrasion
Cleaning Enhancement
Cleaning + H2O2 Whitening
Dental Office Whitening Kits

A

1980 - Cleaning Enhancement

150
Q

+hydrogen peroxide, urea peroxide, or calcium peroxides

Cleaning by Abrasion
Cleaning Enhancement
Cleaning + H2O2 Whitening
Dental Office Whitening Kits

A

1990 - Cleaning + H2O2 Whitening

151
Q

True or False: Local mouth odor is caused by oral bacteria reacting with salivary proteins to form volatile sulfur compounds (VSC).

A

T

152
Q

Major components of mouth odor:

A
  • hydrogen sulfide 🍲
  • methyl mercaptan 🦨
  • dimethyl sulfide 🐟

“H-M-D”

153
Q

Which combination of ingredients in a dentifrice provides sustained reduction in mouth odor?

A) Triclosan and fluoride
B) Polyvinyl methyl ether maleic acid (PVM/MA) and fluoride
C) Triclosan and polyvinyl methyl ether maleic acid (PVM/MA)
D) Sodium bicarbonate and fluoride

A

C) Triclosan and polyvinyl methyl ether maleic acid (PVM/MA)

154
Q

A white or brown spot on the tooth’s surface may be a sign of
early decay. Brushing with a fluoride toothpaste and flossing may prevent it from becoming a cavity.

Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4

A

Stage 1

155
Q

The decay has gone through the tooth’s hard enamel surface
layer.

Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4

A

Stage 2

156
Q

Now that the cavity has gone through the enamel to the softer
layer of the tooth, it will get destroy the tooth structure more quickly as the layers of tooth beneath the enamel are not as hard

Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4

A

Stage 3

157
Q

If the cavity is not filled, it can cause bigger problems deeper in the tooth. This is why it’s important to see your dental team regularly.

Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4

A

Stage 4

158
Q

Preparations to help fight off cavities:

A
  1. Fluoride dentifrices - Helps add minerals (remineralization) to caries lesions.
  2. Additives:
    * Xylitol
    * triclosan
159
Q

Calcium pyrophosphate (CPP), Ca2P2O7

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Cleaning and polishing agents
(abrasives)

160
Q

Hydrated alumina Al2O3 * 3H2O or Al(OH)3

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Cleaning and polishing agents
(abrasives)

161
Q

Sodium bicarbonate (or baking soda NaHCO3)

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Cleaning and polishing agents
(abrasives)

162
Q

Calcium carbonate CaCO3

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Cleaning and polishing agents
(abrasives)

163
Q

Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) CaHPO4-2H2O

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Cleaning and polishing agents
(abrasives)

164
Q

Dental grade silicas (SiO2)

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Cleaning and polishing agents
(abrasives)

165
Q

Sodium lauryl sulphate

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Surfactants

166
Q

Aid in the penetration of the surface film on the tooth by
lowering the surface tension. Provides foaming effect to suspend and remove the debris, and gives the paste the subjective perception performance.

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Surfactants

167
Q

Prevents the paste from drying out and hardening. Gives shine and some plasticity to the paste.

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Humectants

168
Q

Glycerin

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Humectants

169
Q

Sorbitol

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Humectants

170
Q

Propylene glycol

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Humectants

171
Q

Xylitol

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Humectants

172
Q

Are hydrophilic (water-loving) colloids which disperse and
swell in the water phase of the toothpaste and are
necessary to maintain the integral stability of the paste
and prevent separation into component phases.

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )

173
Q

Carrageenan

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )

174
Q

Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )

175
Q

Xanthan

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )

176
Q

Hydroxy ethyl cellulose

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )

177
Q

Synthetic polymer

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )

178
Q

Clays

Surfactants
Humectants
Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )
Cleaning and polishing agents (abrasives)

A

Gelling agents (aka Binding agents )

179
Q

Sodium sacharin

Sweetener
Flavoring agent
Opacifying agent - gives brilliance and shine to product.
Coloring agent

A

Sweeteners

180
Q

peppermint, spearmint

Sweetener
Flavoring agent
Opacifying agent - gives brilliance and shine to product.
Coloring agent

A

Flavoring agent

181
Q

Titanium dioxide

Sweetener
Flavoring agent
Opacifying agent - gives brilliance and shine to product.
Coloring agent

A

Opacifying agent - gives brilliance and shine to product.

182
Q

a crusty deposit that can trap stains on the teeth and cause
discoloration. This happens when minerals in your saliva combine with plaque to form crystals that harden. It creates a strong bond that can only be removed by a dental professional. Tartar formation may also make it more difficult to remove new plaque and bacteria.

A

Teeth tartar (dental calculus)

183
Q

The organic portion of a dental calculus is a combination of:

A
  • epithelial cells
  • leukocytes
  • micro-organisms
  • polysaccharides
184
Q

The inorganic part of a dental calculus is primarily calcium phosphate salts which include:

A
  • carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA)
  • dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD)
  • octacalcium phosphate (OCP).
185
Q

Technologies for the Prevention of Calculus Formation:

A
  • Mechanical means
  • Chemical means (prevents the formation of the basic phases of calcium phosphates) inhibitors of the formation of calcium phosphate.
186
Q

Which of the following inhibitors works by adsorbing to the growing calcium phosphate crystals and reducing the formation of crystalline phases, allowing calcium phosphate to remain in an amorphous phase?

A) Pyrophosphate
B) Pyrophosphate plus polymer
C) Zinc salts
D) AOTA

A

D) AOTA

187
Q

An acute, localized tooth pain in response to thermal, tactile,
or air blast stimulation to exposed dentine surfaces. Normally, the roots of teeth are covered by the gingival or gum tissue but when the gum recedes, the underlying tooth
surface is exposed. Once exposed, with time, abrasion and erosion will remove the thin layer of cementum, thus exposing underlying porous dentin.

A

Dentinal hypersensitivity

188
Q

True or False: The next development in dentifrice technology was to incorporate antibacterial agents with fluoride and tartar reducing compounds.

A

T

189
Q

True or False: The basic research within the past 30 years clearly established the role of dental plaque at the interfaces of tooth/gingiva as the main cause of gingival inflammation, which could lead eventually to periodontitis.

A

T

190
Q

True or False: The prime purpose of chemical antiplaque agents is to bring the microflora to a healthy level at the gingival interfaces, primarily by reducing the total mass of microbiota at the surface, or by reducing the total number of pathogens at the surface.

A

T

191
Q

Characteristics of Antibacterials for Plaque Effects:

A

Broad spectrum antibacterial activity
Substantivity to oral surfaces
Good taste
Compatible with toothpaste ingredients
Low toxicity
No disturbance of oral ecology

192
Q

Characteristics of Antibacterials for Plaque Effects:

A

Broad spectrum antibacterial activity
Substantivity to oral surfaces
Good taste
Compatible with toothpaste ingredients
Low toxicity
No disturbance of oral ecology

193
Q

Cationic Antibacterial Agents:

A
  • chlorhexidine digluconate (CHDG)
  • benzethonium chloride (BTC)
  • cetyl pyridium chloride (CPC)
194
Q

is more effective than BTC or CPC and has higher retention in the oral environment. Reacts with salivary protein, which is an important parameter for the retention of cationic antibacterials on oral surfaces. Increased retention provides a sustained release of concentrations active against oral pathogens. Used as oral hygiene product is limited since they result in staining of teeth and an increase in calculus formation.

A

chlorhexidine digluconate (CHDG)

195
Q

Noncationic Antibacterial Agents:

A
  • Triclosan
    • copolymer of polyvinyl methyl ether (PVM) and maleic acid (MA)
196
Q

=effective against plaque, gingivitis, calculus, and caries reduction.
=‘‘double-barrel’’ effect. This unique antibacterial not only kills bacteria, but also neutralizes the products of bacteria which could provoke inflammation.
=potent inhibitor of both cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways

A

Triclosan

197
Q

makes up a delivery system that helps increase the retention time of triclosan

A

+ copolymer of polyvinyl methyl ether (PVM) and maleic acid (MA)

198
Q

True or False: Mouth rinses currently on the market are oil-based formulations where the therapeutic agents are at higher concentrations than toothpaste.

A

False

Mouth rinses currently on the markets are aqueous-based
formulation where the therapeutic agents are at lower
concentrations than toothpaste.

199
Q

True or False: A typical therapeutic rinse contains surfactants, flavor, active agent, and water.

A

True

200
Q

True or False: Understanding all the mechanisms that lead to the perfect sensation of smell requires great effort.

A

T

201
Q

True or False: The interaction of the sense of taste with the sense of smell complicates the understanding of scent signals.
So we mostly have to deal with neuro-transition and interpretation of scent signals from the nose.

A

T

202
Q

those involved in emotion

amygdala
hippocampus
orbitofrontal cortex

A

amygdala

203
Q

those involved in memory

amygdala
hippocampus
orbitofrontal cortex

A

hippocampus

204
Q

as those involved in multisensory regions

amygdala
hippocampus
orbitofrontal cortex

A

orbitofrontal cortex

205
Q

True or False: The olfactory system forms a “super-highway” to memories or emotions due to its strong connections.

Odor messages are interpreted by all these different parts of the brain to evoke a response in the form of thoughts, feelings and actions.

A

T

206
Q

True or False: Fragrance can be designed to stimulate specific emotional experiences, such as relaxation or promoting a good night’s sleep.

A

T

207
Q

The meaning of scent signals can also be influenced by the context in which we experience them; by product packaging and even the time or place.

Designers are increasingly aware of the need to address holistic product design, to create sensory coherence that amplifies brand messages – what’s on the pack must match the scent inside

A

Sensory coherence

208
Q

Are essential oils and isolates derived from botanical ingredients that are harvested from the earth such as:
* Flowers
* Fruits
* Sap
* Seeds
* Skin of the plant
* Bar
* Leaves
* Roots
* Resins
* Wood of certain trees

A

Natural Fragrance

209
Q

The oils are derived from natural raw materials by either: ___ or___a technique that has been around for centuries.

steam or water distillation
hexane or petroleum ether

A

steam or water distillation

210
Q

Some ‘naturals’ are created from absolutes, a process that uses either ___ or ___.

steam or water distillation
hexane or petroleum ether

A

hexane or petroleum ether

211
Q

the process by which sensory receptors convert stimuli from the environment into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system; the conversion of sensory stimuli into electrical impulses for further processing and perception.

A

Transduction

212
Q

What percentage of what you put on your skin gets absorbed into your bloodstream?

A) Less than 10%
B) Approximately 30%
C) Over 60%
D) Around 90%

A

C) Over 60%

213
Q

What percentage of the chemicals in most commercial fragrances are synthetic compounds derived from petroleum and natural gas, known as petrochemicals?

A) 50%
B) 75%
C) 95%
D) 100%

A

C) 95%

214
Q

The skin absorbs these man-made chemicals in a few ways:

A
  • By direct application
  • Contact with fragranced items
  • Exposure to air containing fragrances and that can accumulate in your body organs.
215
Q

Which of the following can fragrances absorbed into the skin trigger?

A) Allergic reactions
B) Migraines
C) Asthma attacks
D) Nausea
E) Eczema
F) A whole host of other sensitivities
G) AOTA

A

G) AOTA

216
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding fragrance ingredients and consumer knowledge?

A) Fragrance ingredients are fully disclosed on product labels.
B) Fragrance ingredients are regulated by the FDA for consumer safety.
C) Companies are allowed by the FDA to withhold fragrance ingredients.
D) Consumers have access to comprehensive information about the potential hazards of fragrance ingredients.

A

C) Companies are allowed by the FDA to withhold fragrance ingredients.

217
Q

A commonly used synthetic preservatives in many fragrances. Scientific studies suggest that ____ can disrupt hormones in the body and harm fertility and reproductive organs,
affect birth outcomes, and increase the risk of cancer. They can also cause skin irritation.

parabens

A

parabens

218
Q

6 Types of Parabens that are most commonly used:

A

methyl-
ethyl-
propyl-
isopropyl-
butyl-
isobutylparaben

219
Q

used as a plasticizer in products such as nail polishes (to reduce cracking by making them less brittle).

Dibutylphthalate (DBP)
Dimethylphthalate (DMP)
Diethylphthalate (DEP)

A

Dibutylphthalate (DBP)

220
Q

used in hair sprays (to help avoid stiffness by allowing them to
form a flexible film on the hair).

Dibutylphthalate (DBP)
Dimethylphthalate (DMP)
Diethylphthalate (DEP)

A

Dimethylphthalate (DMP)

221
Q

used as a solvent and fixative in fragrances.

Dibutylphthalate (DBP)
Dimethylphthalate (DMP)
Diethylphthalate (DEP)

A

Diethylphthalate (DEP)

222
Q

have a clean, smooth and sweet scent lacking the fecal notes of animal musks.

A

Synthetic Musks

223
Q

True or False: Studies have shown that traces of synthetic musks have been found in fat tissue, breast milk, body fat, umbilical cord blood, fresh and marine water samples, air, wastewater, and sludge.

A

True

224
Q

By far the most popular type of 71 perfume, the floral fragrances is a romantic, light and slightly sweet scent. These fabulous perfumes are a blend of flowers such as the rose, voilet, lily, jasmine and lavender. Most mens floral scents have orange blossom at their heart, giving an alluring tone.

Floral 🌸
Oriental 🪴
Woody🪵
Fresh 🍋

A

Floral

225
Q

As their name suggests the oriental perfumes originate from the more exotic parts of the world. Made from spices such as pepper, cloves, cinnamon and vanilla, these fragrances are warm and sensual. There is also a certain depth to this scent that is quite popular with the more adventurous.

Floral 🌸
Oriental 🪴
Woody🪵
Fresh 🍋

A

Oriental 🪴

226
Q

Largely favoured by men, the woody perfumes often have light top notes with a muskier heart. Made from sandalwood, patchouli and oakmoss, these warm, dry and musky notes provide an air of sophistication and mystery to all who wear them. Women prefer the woody notes for evenings.

Floral 🌸
Oriental 🪴
Woody🪵
Fresh 🍋

A

Woody🪵

227
Q

Commonly known as citrus or green notes, the fresh fragrances are often made from lemon, orange and bergamot: then accented with herbal notes to give that refreshing scent and revive the senses. These are a great a choice for an uplifting springtime essence for both men and women.

Floral 🌸
Oriental 🪴
Woody🪵
Fresh 🍋

A

Fresh 🍋

228
Q

Who were the first known users of perfume, incorporating it into their religious rituals?

A) Egyptians
B) Romans
C) Greeks
D) Persians

A

A) Egyptians

229
Q

What were the two principal methods of using perfume during that time?

A) Burning of incense
B) Application of balms and ointments.
C) Drinking as a beverage
D) Wearing scented jewelry

A

A) Burning of incense and B) Application of balms and ointments.

230
Q

Which community helped preserve the use of perfumes when its popularity declined due to the spread of Christianity?

A) Islamic community
B) Jewish community
C) Buddhist community
D) Greek community

A

A) Islamic community

231
Q

During which century did perfume experience significant success, with perfumed gloves becoming popular in France and the establishment of the guild of glove and perfume-makers?

A) Sixteenth century
B) Seventeenth century
C) Eighteenth century
D) Nineteenth century

A

B) Seventeenth century

232
Q

How was eau de Cologne, the revolutionary perfumery invention of the eighteenth century, used during that time?

A) Diluted in bath water
B) Sprayed on clothes
C) Applied to the skin as a perfume
D) Used as a room freshener
E) Used as a hair fragrance
F) Mixed with tea or other beverages for flavor
G) Used as a remedy for headaches
H) All of the above

A

H) All of the above

233
Q

During the eighteenth century, what types of containers were used for perfumes?

A) Sponges soaked in scented vinaigres de toilette in gilded metal vinaigrettes
B) Pear-shaped bottles in Louis XIV style
C) Glass bottles, particularly those produced by the Baccarat factory in France
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

A

E) A, B, and C

234
Q

In the late 19th century, which fragrance house was founded by William Sparks Thomson, initially known for making crinolines and corsets? Catering to the high society in London and Europe, he launched a collection of floral fragrances called Flower Fairies.

A) Crown Perfumery
B) Guerlain
C) Chanel
D) Dior
E) None of the above

A

A) Crown Perfumery

235
Q

Which perfumery line replaced the Crown line of fragrances in 2002, after Clive Christian discontinued it?

A) Crown Perfumery
B) Guerlain
C) Chanel
D) Clive Christian
E) None of the above

A

D) Clive Christian

236
Q

Who was the couturier responsible for launching her own brand of perfume in 1921?

A) Coco Chanel
B) Gabrielle Chanel
C) Ernest Beaux
D) Chanel No.5

A

B) Gabrielle Chanel

237
Q

Who was the perfumer credited with creating Chanel No.5 and being the first to regularly use aldehydes in perfumery?

A) Coco Chanel
B) Gabrielle Chanel
C) Ernest Beaux
D) Chanel No.5

A

C) Ernest Beaux

238
Q

Which types of fragrances gained popularity in the 1930s?

A) Leather fragrances
B) Floral fragrances
C) Citrus fragrances
D) Oriental fragrances
E) Fruity fragrances
F) All of the above

A

F) All of the above

239
Q

Which designers created their own perfumes during the peak of French perfumery in the 1950s?

A) Christian Dior
B) Jacques Fath
C) Nina Ricci
D) Pierre Balmain
E) All of the above

A

E) All of the above

240
Q

What impact has the recent popularity of celebrity fragrances had on the perfume industry?

A) It has made a significant impact and is expected to continue growing in popularity.
B) It has had a minimal impact and is not expected to last.
C) It has led to a decline in the sales of designer perfumes.
D) It has caused a shift in consumer preferences towards more affordable options.

A

B) It has had a minimal impact and is not expected to last.

241
Q

What is the current status of perfumes in terms of affordability?

A) Perfumes are still considered a luxury item affordable only to the wealthy.
B) Perfumes have become more affordable and are no longer limited to the wealthy.
C) Perfumes have become even more expensive and are primarily accessible to the elite.
D) Perfumes are now exclusively available as celebrity fragrances.

A

B) Perfumes have become more affordable and are no longer limited to the wealthy.

242
Q

What changes have contributed to the modern fragrance industry?

A) Changes in technique
B) Changes in material
C) Changes in style
D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

243
Q

What is a primary task of a fragrance artisan or perfumer?

A) Creating unique and reproducible scents
B) Collecting and categorizing natural fragrance ingredients
C) Experimenting with different fragrance combinations
D) Developing innovative fragrance synthesis techniques

A

A) Creating unique and reproducible scents

244
Q

What is the historical progression of the fragrance artisan’s role?

A) Mixing fragrance ingredients available in nature
B) Separating fragrance ingredients
C) Synthesizing fragrance ingredients
D) Modern science of fragrance compounding
E) All of the above

A

E) All of the above

245
Q

How many fragrance ingredients are estimated to be in use today, according to IFRA?

A) Approximately 500 fragrance ingredients
B) Approximately 1000 fragrance ingredients
C) Approximately 2000 fragrance ingredients
D) Approximately 3000 fragrance ingredients

A

D) Approximately 3000 fragrance ingredients

246
Q

Which organizations are responsible for ensuring the safety of fragrance ingredients?

A) IFRA (International Fragrance Association)
B) RIFM (Research Institute of Fragrance Materials)
C) FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
D) EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
E) A and B only
F) A, B, C, and D

A

E) A and B only

247
Q

Citruses, powdery scents and light florals

Top Note
Middle/Heart Note
Base Note

A

Top Note

248
Q

Heavier florals

Top Note
Middle/Heart Note
Base Note

A

Middle/Heart Note

249
Q

Bold smokey woods and leathery scents

Top Note
Middle/Heart Note
Base Note

A

Base Note

250
Q

Bergamot, Grapefruit, Lemon, Lime, Orange, Tangerine

Citrus
Floral
Herbaceous
Camphoraceous
Spicy
Resinous
Woody
Earthy

A

Citrus

251
Q

Camomile, Geranium, Jasmine, Lavender, Neroli, Rose, Ylang-ylang

Citrus
Floral
Herbaceous
Camphoraceous
Spicy
Resinous
Woody
Earthy

A

Floral

252
Q

Basil, Camomile, Clary sage, Hyssop, Marjoram, Melissa, Peppermint, Rosemary

Citrus
Floral
Herbaceous
Camphoraceous
Spicy
Resinous
Woody
Earthy

A

Herbaceous

253
Q

Cajuput (Cajeput), Eucalyptus, Peppermint, Rosemary, Tea tree

Citrus
Floral
Herbaceous
Camphoraceous
Spicy
Resinous
Woody
Earthy

A

Camphoraceous

254
Q

Aniseed, Black pepper, Cardamom, Cinnamon, Coriander, Cumin, Ginger, Nutmeg

Citrus
Floral
Herbaceous
Camphoraceous
Spicy
Resinous
Woody
Earthy

A

Spicy

255
Q

Benzoin, Elemi, Frankincense, Myrrh

Citrus
Floral
Herbaceous
Camphoraceous
Spicy
Resinous
Woody
Earthy

A

Resinous

256
Q

Cedarwood, Cinnamon, Cypress, Juniper berry, Pine, Sandalwood

Citrus
Floral
Herbaceous
Camphoraceous
Spicy
Resinous
Woody
Earthy

A

Woody

257
Q

Angelica, Patchouli, Valerian, Vetiver

Citrus
Floral
Herbaceous
Camphoraceous
Spicy
Resinous
Woody
Earthy

A

Earthy

258
Q

are obtained by extracting the fatty substances directly from the animal.

Animal products/ synthetic perfumes

A

Animal products

259
Q

Aromatic chemicals used in synthetic perfumes are created in the laboratory by perfume chemists.

Animal products/ synthetic perfumes

A

synthetic perfumes

260
Q

Before the manufacturing process begins, the initial ingredients must be brought to the manufacturing center. Plant substances are harvested from around the world, often hand-picked for their fragrance.

Collection
Extraction
Blending
Aging

A

Collection

261
Q

Oils are extracted from plant substances by several methods

Collection
Extraction
Blending
Aging

A

Extraction

262
Q

Steam is passed through plant material held in a still, whereby the essential oil turns to gas. This gas is then passed through tubes, cooled, and liquified. Oils can also be extracted by boiling plant substances like flower petals in water instead of steaming them.

Steam distillation
Solvent Extraction
Effleurage
Maceration
Expression

A

Steam distillation

263
Q

Flowers are put into large rotating tanks or drums and benzene or a petroleum ether is poured over the flowers, extracting the essential oils. The flower parts dissolve in the solvents and leave a waxy material that contains the oil, which is then placed in ethyl alcohol.

The oil dissolves in the alcohol and rises. Heat is used to evaporate the alcohol, which once fully burned off, leaves a higher concentration of the perfume oil on the bottom.

Steam distillation
Solvent Extraction
Effleurage
Maceration
Expression

A

Solvent Extraction

264
Q

Flowers are spread on glass sheets coated with grease. The glass sheets are placed between wooden frames in tiers.

Then the flowers are removed by hand and changed until the grease has absorbed their fragrance.

Steam distillation
Solvent Extraction
Effleurage
Maceration
Expression

A

Effleurage

265
Q

Process is similar to enfleurage except that warmed fats are used to soak up the flower smell.

As in solvent extraction, the grease and fats are dissolved in alcohol to obtain the essential oils.

Steam distillation
Solvent Extraction
Effleurage
Maceration
Expression

A

Maceration

266
Q

The oldest and least complex method of extraction. By this process, now used in obtaining citrus oils from the rind, the fruit or plant is manually or mechanically pressed until all
the oil is squeezed out.

Steam distillation
Solvent Extraction
Effleurage
Maceration
Expression

A

Expression

267
Q

Once the perfume oils are collected, they are ready to be blended together according to a formula determined by a master in the field, known as a “nose.“

It may take as many as 800 different ingredients and several years to develop the special formula for a scent.

Collection
Extraction
Blending
Aging

A

Blending

268
Q

Most full perfumes are made of about___
perfume oils dissolved in alcohol and a trace of
water.

3-5%
10-20%
2% oil in 60- 80% alcohol and 20% water.

A

10-20%

269
Q

Colognes contain approximately _____ oil diluted
in 80-90% alcohol, with water making up about
10%.

3-5%
10-20%
2% oil in 60- 80% alcohol and 20% water.

A

3-5%

270
Q

Toilet water has the least amount—______ oil in 60-
80% alcohol and 20% water.

3-5%
10-20%
2% oil in 60- 80% alcohol and 20% water.

A

2% oil in 60- 80% alcohol and 20% water.

271
Q

Fine perfume is often aged for several months or even years after it is blended. Following this, a “nose” will once again test the perfume to ensure that the correct scent has been achieved.

Collection
Extraction
Blending
Aging

A

Aging

272
Q

Each essential oil and perfume has three notes:

A

✓ notes de tete or top notes
✓ notes de coeur central or heart notes
✓ notes de fond base notes.

273
Q

(aromatic flowers like rose and jasmine) provide body

Central notes
Base notes
Top notes

A

Central notes

274
Q

(woody fragrances) provide an enduring fragrance.

Central notes
Base notes
Top notes

A

Base notes

275
Q

have tangy or citrus-like smells

Central notes
Base notes
Top notes

A

Top notes

Cosmetics (10 decks)

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