Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Dermatology > Skin Cancers > Flashcards

Skin Cancers Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

Which skin cancer has the nickname rodent ulcer?

A

BCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which skin cancers can metastasise?

A

SCC and melanoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the 3 common skin cancers

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
Malignant melanoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the ABCDE criteria for pigmented skin lesions

A

A = asymmetry
B = irregular border
C = multiple colours
D = diameter >6mm
E = evolution (growing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

BCC risk factors

A

UV radiation
Ionising radiation
Immunosuppression
Chronic scarring and ulceration
Arsenic
Hereditary factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

SCC risk factors

A

UV radiation
Ionising radiation
Immunosuppression
Chronic scarring and ulceration
Wart virus
Hereditary factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Malignant melanoma risk factors

A

UV radiation
Immunosuppression
Hereditary factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List 3 hereditary factors causing skin cancer

A

Germline mutation eg. Familial melanoma
Acquired mutation eg. BRAF^V600E
Epigenetic eg. Arsenic toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Malignant melanoma protective factors

A

Constitutional pigmentation
Immune system
DNA repair
Accurate control of cell division
Behaviour (avoiding UV rays, covering up, SPF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

SCC protective factors

A

Constitutional pigmentation
Immune system
DNA repair
Accurate control of cell division
Behaviour (avoiding UV rays, covering up, SPF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

BCC protective factors

A

Constitutional pigmentation
Immune system
DNA repair
Accurate control of cell division
Behaviour (avoiding UV rays, covering up, SPF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a precursor for SCC?

A

Actinic keratosis
Bowen’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe actinic keratosis

A

Sun-exposed sites (face, backs of hands, bald scalp)
Rough area of skin/raised, keratosis lesion
Usually multiple
Hard, spiky keratin our surface
Proliferations of cytologically aberrant epidermal keratinocytes
Pruritis, burning or stinging pain, bleeding and crusting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe Bowen’s disease

A

Superficial intraepidermal tumour
Slow radial expansion
Localised erythematous, scaly or crusted plaque
Not usually ulcerated, moist or thickened
Overlying scale or crust
Sun-exposed areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the carcinogenesis cycle

A

DNA lesion -> mutation -> gene -> cell phenotype -> clinal expansion -> pre-cancer or carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of UV exposure is a risk factor for SCC?

A

Flash fry (blistering burns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of UV exposure is a risk factor for BCC?

A

Intermittent simmer (frequently tanning/burns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Do SCCs or BCCs present later in life?

A

SCCs present later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

General skin cancer risk factors

A

Skin type (eg. Red hair, blue eyes, pale,)
Sunburns (especially in childhood)
Outdoor exposure in occupation/hobbies
Living in sunny location
Immunosuppression (eg. Transplant)
Sunbeds/sunbathing
Family history
PMH skin cancer
Genetic disorders (eg. Albinism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the types of albinism?

A

Type 1 = more severe, no melanin
Type 2 = some melanin
Occular albinism = normal, or slightly paler than normal for their ethnicity, skin and hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Actinic keratosis risk factors

A

Older age
Male
Fair skin (easily burns and freckles)
Blonde/red hair and blue eyes
Cumulative UV radiation exposure
Immunosuppression
Prior AKs/other skin cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Arsenical keratosis clinical findings and cause

A

Associated with chronic arsenicism
Yellow keratosis paperless
Areas of constant pressure or repeated trauma
The bar and lateral borders of hands
Sides of fingers, dorsal fingers over joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bowen’s disease risk factors

A

UV exposure
Immunosuppression
Infection with Human Papillomagirus (HOV)
Chronic arsenicism

24
Q

Describe lentigo maligna

A

Subtype of melanoma in situ
Seen on chronically sun-exposed areas (eg. Cheeks, nose, neck, scalp, ears)

25
Q

Lentigo maligna clinical findings

A

Flat, slowly-enlarging brown freckle-like macule
Irregular shape and differing shades of brown and tan
Usually arising in background of photo damage,
ill-defined borders

26
Q

Where do BCCs originate?

A

Derived from non-keratinising cells from basal layer of epidermis

27
Q

Genetic causes of BCCs?

A

Gorlin’s syndrome (dental facts, palm pits)
Xeroderma pigmentosum

28
Q

Describe BCC clinically

A

Intermittent bleeding
May appear to heal
Pearly, translucency, ulceration, telangiectasia
Rolled edge
Slow-growing

29
Q

Describe Nodular BCC

A

Sun-exposed areas
Translucent Paul’s or nodule
Telangiectasia
Rolled border

30
Q

Describe pigmented BCC

A

Subtype of nodular BCC
Increased melanisation
Hyperpigmented, translucent Paul’s/nodule
May be eroded

31
Q

Describe superficial BCC

A

Commonly on trunk
Erythematous patch
May resemble eczema
Localised, red plaque
Scaly
Usually solitary or few
Slowly enlarge

32
Q

Describe infiltration BCC

A

Scar-like (lack of skin creases/indented)
Difficult to define edges of lesion
Shiny
Tenlangiectasia

33
Q

What cells cause SCC?

A

suprabasal epidermal keratinocytes

34
Q

SCC clinical findings

A

Flesh-coloured or erythematous
Hyperkeratotic, bleeding, oozing, crusting
Papule, nodule or plaque
May be pigmented or ulcerate
May have cutaneous horn
May be verrucous

35
Q

List 4 melanoma subtypes

A

Superficial spreading malignant melanoma (SSMM)
Nodular melanoma
Lentigo maligna melanoma
Acral lentiginous melanoma

36
Q

Describe seborrhoeic keratosis

A

Common benign lesion
Well-demarcated, stuck on appearance
Varied colours
Nodular or macular
Surface normally rough
No increases malignancy risk
Can bleed/ulcerate if traumatised

37
Q

Should you biopsy melanomas?

A

No

38
Q

Describe the Glasgow 7-point checklist for melanoma

A

Major features = change in size, irregular shape, irregular colour

Minor features = diameter >7mm, inflammation, oozing, change in sensitisation

39
Q

Dermoscopy melanoma findings

A

Pigment network = atypical irregular, variable and widened lines that end abruptly at periphery

Brown globules = correlate with pigmented nests of melanocytes in papillary dermis

Black dots = focal collections of melanocytes and clumps of melanin in stratum corneum

Blue-grey veil = represents regression in melanoma

40
Q

Describe cutaneous lymphoma

A

Consider in eczema which has not responded to topical steroids
Usually scaly, red rash
Less itchy than eczema
Not as thick as psoriasis
Progressive over decades

41
Q

Which cells are in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Basal cells
Langerhans cells

42
Q

What is found in the dermis?

A

Capillaries
Fibroblasts
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Mast cells
Granulocytes

43
Q

What is found in the subcutaneous tissue?

A

Collagen
Vessels
Elastic fibres
GAGs
Fibronectin

44
Q

When does an acquired naevus appear?

A

after birth

45
Q

When does a congenital naevus appear?

A

present at birth

46
Q

What are the 4 clinical types of acquired naevi?

A

junctional malanocytic neavus
compound melanocytic naevus
intradermal melanocytic naevus
rare naevi (eg. spitz, blue)

47
Q

What does a junctional naevus look like?

A

brown/black and flat
usually small

48
Q

What does a compound naevus look like?

A

pigmented papules
raised and palpable

49
Q

What does a dermal/intradermal naevus look like?

A

fawn or skin-coloured papules (raised)
can be hairy

50
Q

Describe congenital naevi

A

solitary
often relatively large
do not go through normal mole ageing process

51
Q

List the 4 main types of melanoma

A

lentigo maligna melanoma
superficial spreading malignant melanoma
acral lentiginous malignant melanoma (hands and feet)
nodular malignant melanoma

52
Q

Features of melanocytic lesions on dermoscopy

A

pigment network (regular, reticular pattern is good)
blue white veil
peripheral hypo/hyper-pigmentation
vascular structure
dots and globules (globular pattern)

53
Q

What is a marjolin ulcer?

A

SCC arising in a chronic site of inflammation, most commonly on an old burn scar or a venous ulcer
presents as new, persistent site of ulceration

54
Q

Which HPV types can cause HPV-associated SCC?

A

16 and 18

55
Q

Describe a keratoacanthoma

A

BCC or SCC like
nodule with central hard keratin or rolled edge
rapid growth
mimics histologically a SCC
good prognosis
normally excised as difficult to distinguish from SCC clinically

Dermatology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions