Integrative pathophysiology Flashcards
What are the components of melanoma tumour stage (TNM)?
Breslow thickness
ulceration
microsatellites
What are the 4 layers of the epidermis?
stratum corneum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
Where is Breslow thickness measured to and from?
measured from stratum granulosum layer to deepest invasive melanocyte
What is regression in melanoma?
depigmented area
patient mounted effective immune response to malignant melanocytes causing destruction
How does regression show under a microscope?
absence of melanocytes in dermis
scar tissue formation + deposition of pink collagen fibres
blood vessel proliferation
scattered melanophages
What causes erythema?
dilated blood vessels
lymphocytic inflammation around blood vessels (perivascular inflammation)
What causes surface scale?
hyperkeratosis
What is the only epithelial type that produces keratin?
squamous epithelium
What is the Lesser-Trelat sign?
abrupt appearance of multiple seborrhoeic keratoses can be a sign of internal malignancy
What is parakeratosis and what is it associated with?
nuclei present in thickened keratin layer
increased rate epidermal turnover
What epidermal layer do scabies mites burrow through?
stratum corneum
What is raised number of eosinophils associated with?
hypersensitivity reaction in skin
What causes a pustule?
accumulation of neutrophils + bacteria in follicular infundibulum
What causes an abscess?
collection of neutrophils with surrounding fibrosis
Stages of neutrophil emigration
margination
rolling
adhesion
diapedesis
phagocytosis
What sign is associated with Reed-Sternberg cells and what condition are they seen in?
Owl’s eye nuclei
Hodgkin Lymphoma