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Histology > Skin and Mucous Membranes > Flashcards

Skin and Mucous Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the skin

A
  • Protection – from pathogens, UV, injury etc​​
  • Thermoregulation – via blood vessels, sweat, hair​​
  • Water regulation – prevents moisture loss​​
  • Sensation –touch, temperature, pain​
  • Absorption​​
  • Storage and synthesis – vit D, fat, glucose, water, salt​

​

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2
Q

Name the three layers of skin

A

Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer

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3
Q

How many layers does the epidermis have

A

4-5

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4
Q

Structures associated with skin

A

Nails
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Hair follicles

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5
Q

Function of mucous membranes

A

Protective​
Oral cavity, nasal cavity, oesophagus​
Secretory​
Stomach​
Absorptive​
Entire small intestinal​
Sensation

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6
Q

Lamina propria

A

The supportive areolar (loose fibrous connective tissue) layer found immediately beneath the mucosal epithelium and its basement membrane​

​

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7
Q

Functions of the oral mucosa

A

Protection – barrier to micro-organism​

Sensation – receptors that respond to touch, taste, pain etc​

Secretion – maintains a moist surface ; salivary glands​

Permeability and absorption. A feature utilized in drug delivery.

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8
Q

What is the structure of the epidermis

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
No blood vessels

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9
Q

Where is keratin found

A

In the outer layers of epidermis

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10
Q

Where is the stratum lucidum found

A

Only found in thick skin on heels/palms of hands etc
Not present in mucousa

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11
Q

What are Langerhan’s cells

A

Antigen presenting cells which take foreign antibodies and presents them to the immune system/phagocytes for destruction

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12
Q

What cells are present in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes (95% of epidermal cells)
Langerhans cells
Melanocytes (produce melanin)
Merkel cells (sensory receptors)

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13
Q

What are desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

A

Epithelial cell attachment:

Desmosomes found between epithelial cells. They are made up of different fibres such as keratin. Referred to as prickle cells due to appearance.

Hemidesmosomes found between basal cells and basement lamina

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14
Q

How can we tell thick and thin skin apart

A

Stratum lucidum is only present in thick skin

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15
Q

What is the dermis

A

Strong flexible connective tissue layer rich in collagen and elastic fibres

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16
Q

What can be found within the dermis

A

-Fibroblasts​

-Macrophages​

-A few adipocytes​

-Nerve endings​

-Blood vessels​

-Glands​

-Smooth muscle (some areas)​

-Lymphatics​

-Hair follicles​​

17
Q

What layers are present within the dermis

A

Papillary layer - projects into intervals between the epidermal ridges. richly supplied with capillaries and nerve endings

Reticular layer - dense connective tissue and fibre components

**Reti ridges are the most important part of this interphase as they help hold each layer together

18
Q

Skin diseases/conditions

A

Psoriasis- autoimmune disease accelerated turnover of epithelial cells, usually 28-30 in psoriasis its only 7 days rarely affects oral cavity might have lesions on tongue. Patients with psoriasis may be taking steroids so should be aware​

Acne - shouldn’t be of concern as a dentist however some medication could be involved

Pemphigus - Protein forms desmosomes. (Desmoglein) weakens attachment of epithelial cells to each other allowing spaces to form which fill with fluid causing blisters which rupture quicky and leave ulcerated areas, loss of water, without treatment in extreme cases can cause death.​

Vitiligo - Loss of skin pigment (melanocytes affected)

Skin cancer:
-Squamous cell carcinoma
-Basal cell carcinoma
Keratinocytes in the epidermis grow out of control to form a tumour. Can occur on any part of your body (usually parts exposed to sunlight) appears scaly or crusty with red infammed base.

Malignant melanomas (5th most common cancer in the uk)

19
Q

What are mucous membranes

A

Specialized epithelial lining which produces a lubricating fluid containing the sticky protein mucin which traps microbes and dirt particles and protects any body structure which is continuous with the external environment​

20
Q

Functions of mucous membranes

A

-protective (oral/nasal cavity)
-secretory (stomach)
-absorptive (small intestine)
-sensation

21
Q

What are the names of the layers in a mucous membrane

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria (mucosea)

22
Q

What is the lamina propria

A

The supportive areolar (loose fibrous connective tissue) layer found immediately beneath the mucosal epithelium and its basement membrane​

23
Q

Structure of the lamina propria mucosea

A

Cells​:
Fibroblasts​
Immune cells​
Virtually lacking adipocytes​

Extracellular matrix :
Collagen
Elastin fibres

**The epithelium and the lamina propria mucosae together constitute the mucosa

24
Q

Where can the mucosa be found

A

Oesophagus

Trachea - Composed of a ciliated, pseudostratified epithelium and an elastic, fibre-rich lamina propria​

Small intestine (absorptive epithelium)

25
Q

Functions of the oral mucosa

A

Like skin, the main function of oral mucosa is protection. The oral cavity contains a vast number of various pathogens and is also exposed to daily sources of trauma, whether acids, chemicals, food and smoke. A good intact healthy mucosa is essential for maintain oral health. As a person gets older the oral mucosa becomes thinner and this barrier function is diminished. This may one of the reasons why the elderly are more prone to developing oral cancer then in younger age groups.​

Sensation: the oral mucosa contains receptors for all types of sensations in addition to taste which is only present in the oral cavity.​

Secretion: oral mucosa also contains minor salivary glands which maintain a moist surface essential for oral health and function.​

Permeability and absorption: like skin, oral mucosa has the ability to absorb substances which can be utilised in drug delivery. Medications for use in cardiovascular disease particularly for angina can be delivered as sublingual tablets or buccal spray for ease of use and rapid action.​

26
Q

Structure of the oral mucosa

A

Epithelium - Stratified squamous epithelium
Lamina propria

Gross types: ​
Lining- buccal mucosa, soft palate​
Masticatory- hard palate​
Gustatory (specialized type)-tongue​

Microscopic:​
non-keratinised​
keratinised
orthokeratosis or parakeratosis​

27
Q

Keratin within the oral mucosa

A

Keratin obscures colour of underlying blood vessels​

Non keratinised epithelium - (inside cheeks, under tongue and soft palate) is a deeper red as the lack of keratin allows underlying tissues to show through ​

Ability to store glycogen – paler white cells​

28
Q

A condition which affects the skin and mucous membranes

A

Lichen planus (autoimmune)

29
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

An inherited autosomal recessive disease of ion transport ​

Abnormality in chloride channel protein (CFTR)​

Abnormal viscous secretions​

Affects epithelial lining of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts​

Salivary glands may also be affected​

Histology (9 decks)

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