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Z- BDS1,Histology > Muscle tissue > Flashcards

Muscle tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Which types of muscle are specialised for contraction

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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2
Q

How is voluntary control mediated

A

By the somatic system via motoneurons

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3
Q

The (unconscious) autonomic system mediates which movement

A

Involuntary control

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4
Q

Muscles with a striped or banded appearance are referred to as…

A

Striated

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5
Q

classification of skeletal tissue

A

Somatic (voluntary) and striated

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6
Q

What muscle is striated but controlled by the autonomic system

A

Cardiac muscle

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7
Q

What is the non striated muscle tissue

A

Smooth muscle

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8
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle

A

Attached to skeleton, responsible for voluntary movement by moving bones in skeleton
Specialised for contractions that produce movement
Controls subconscious movement such as balance and posture

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9
Q

Make up under a microscope

A

Elongated (large), cylindrical cells (muscle fibres)
Multiple peripherally located nuclei (multinucleated) as skeletal muscle cells are full of protein units (myofibrils) containing repeating units of myofilaments leaving no room for nuclei
Main tissue type in skeletal muscle

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10
Q

Are muscles organs

A

yes

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11
Q

What is skeletal muscle composed of

A

Skeletal muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Blood vessels
Connective tissues

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12
Q

What is the Epimysium

A

Dense irregular connective tissue which encases muscles separating them from other tissues and organs
Forms tendons along with other connective tissues to attach the muscle to bone

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13
Q

What are fascicles

A

Bundles of skeletal muscle cells encased in perimysium (connective tissue)

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14
Q

What is the endomysium

A

The innermost layer of connective tissue found in muscles surrounding each individual muscle fibre

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15
Q

How to identify skeletal muscle cross sections

A

-Individual muscle fibres separated by endomysium
-Grouped of muscle fibres grouped together in fasciculi
-Each fascicule surrounded by loose connective tissue called perimysium
-Entire muscle is externally surrounded by a dense connective epimysium
-Blood vessels and nerves spread throughout these connective tissues

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16
Q

How is skeletal muscle specialised for contraction

A

Each muscle fibre is packed full of numerous myofibrils
Arrangement of myofibrils gives rise to the striated appearance

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17
Q

Types of myofillaments

A

Actin
Myosin

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18
Q

Appearance of myofilaments

A

Actin is smaller thinner (light) while myosin is thicker (darker)

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19
Q

What causes banded appearance

A

Arrangement of actin and myosin

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20
Q

To what are actin filaments anchored

A

Z lines which depict the contractile units (sarcomere)

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21
Q

What are sarcomeres

A

The contractile units of skeletal muscle

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22
Q

What mechanism is used in muscle contraction

A

Sliding filament mechanism
A conformational change causes the filaments to slide over each other causing the sarcomere to shorten (contract)

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23
Q

What is a motor unit

A

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates

24
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction

A

Where the synapse of a motor neuron interacts with a muscle fibre

25
What occurs at a nueromuscular junction
Neuronal action potential is converted to chemical messenger (acetylcholine) which is detected by receptors on muscle fibres and stimulates action potential in muscle fibres causing the muscle to contract EXCITATION- CONTRACTION coupling
26
Modifications of muscular organelles
Sarcolemma (plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells) -Invaginates into sarcoplasm to form membranous T tubules (rapid distribution of depolarisation signal) -Continuous with extracellular space Sarcoplasmic reticulum -Modified smooth ER -Ca2+ conc (required for actin to interact with myosin so SR acts as store) within SR Both help to distribute and coordinate the signals that are required for muscle contraction
27
What is the function of cardiac muscle
-Specialised for continuous autonomous contractions -Pumps blood through the cardiovascular system
28
Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells
Elongated, branched cylindrical cells One or two centrally located nuclei Striated
29
How many layers does the heart wall have
3
30
Name the layers of the heart wall
Pericardium: Outer supporting tissue layer Myocardium: Cardiac muscle tissue Endocardium: Single layer of endothelium cells
31
What are cardiomyocytes
Cardiac muscle cells
32
Histological structure of cardiac muscle
-Branched structure of individual cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) -Reticular connective tissue supports rich capillary network -Specialised intercellular junctions (intercalated discs) which anchor cardiac cells together
33
What are the similarities between the structure of skeletal and cardiac muscle
-Identical arrangement of sarcomeres -Contain T tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum -Numerous mitochondria -Glycogen(G) and Lipid(L) granules -Contraction by sliding-filament mechanism
34
What type of respiration is the heart more reliant on
Aerobic respiration, which is why the cardiac muscle contains far more mitochondria than skeletal tissue
35
Differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle
-Skeletal muscle is voluntary while cardiac muscle is autonomous (involuntary) -The sarcoplasmic reticulum slowly leaks Ca2+ in cardiac muscle to allow the heart to automatically generate own action potentials while the skeletal muscle relies on external stimulus -Cardiac muscle contains specialised cardiac muscle cells known as the conducting system which is responsible for delivering the contraction system to the cardiomyocytes -Intercalated discs - allow cardiac muscle cells to function as syncytium (work as single unit) (allows signal to spread through cardiomyocytes) gap junctions present at intercalated discs allows depolarisation signal to travel through neighbouring cells meaning each cell does not require stimulation
36
Where are pacemaker cells found
Primarily at the sinoatrial node
37
Which cardiac muscle cells can undergo spontaneous depolarisation and why
Pacemaker cells due to the slow leaking of calcium ions They set the basic heart rhythm
38
Movement of autonomous contraction through the heart
-Initiated at the sinoatrial node in pacemaker cells -Left and right atria contract as the signal moves into the atrioventricular node -Signal moves from node to the atrioventricular bundle (of His) -Reaches the Purkinje fibres which relay signal to contract to the rest of the cardiac muscle cells which initiates contraction of ventricles which push blood up into aorta -The cells of conducting system initiate and coordinate heart beat and pass signal to cardiomyocytes which produce powerful contractions to pump the blood
39
Involuntary contraction occurs via....
Intrinsic/spontaneous contractile ability -Pacemaker cells (Sino-atrial node) -Slow release of Ca2+ from SR Rate of inherent rhythm modulated by -Autonomic nervous stimulation -Hormonal stimulation
40
Features of smooth muscle which aid in its function
-Specialised for continuous contractions -typically to propel lumen contents - peristalsis
41
Where is smooth muscle found
Lining hollow organs (Gastrointestinal tract)
42
What is the structure of smooth muscle
-Elongated, spindle shaped cells with tapered ends -Single centrally located nuclei -No sarcomeres hence no striations
43
What is peristalsis
movement (contractions) of food through the GI tract
44
Structure of the gastrointestinal tract
A muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane Two muscle layers at right angle
45
Action of smooth muscle for peristalsis
-Anatomical arrangement specialised for peristalsis -Inner circular layer constricts lumen diameter -Outer longitudinal layer shortens length -Squeeze food through GI tract -Parasympathetic ganglia modulate intensity of peristalsis
46
What smooth muscle layers form the bowel wall
CM - inner circular layer LM - outer longitudinal layer PG - parasympathetic ganglia (parasympathetic nerve cell bodies which regulate and control intensity of peristalsis contractions)
47
Structure of smooth muscle cells in comparison to skeletal and cardiac
-No T tubules, myofibrils or sarcomeres (non striated) -Actin and myosin are arranged in a criss-cross lattice -Anchored to cytoplasm and cell membrane via dense bodies -Ina relaxed state the cell is elongated -When contracted the muscle cell becomes shortened and globular
48
What is the third type of filament found in smooth muscle cells
Intermediate filament (desmin) helps to anchor the actin
49
Which type of muscle has the slowest contractions using the least energy
smooth muscle
50
What name is given to the innermost layer (luminal surface) that is composed predominantly of epithelium?
Mucosa The mucosa is made up of three components: the epithelium, a supporting lamina propria and a thin smooth muscle layer, the muscularis mucosae, which produces local movement and folding of the mucosa.
51
What layer of tissue supports the mucosa and contains larger blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves
Submucosa
52
Name the layer of smooth muscle beneath the submucosa in the small intestine
Muscularis propria The muscular wall proper consists of smooth muscle that is usually arranged as an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer. In the stomach only, there is an inner oblique layer of muscle. The action of the two layers, at right angles to one another, is the basis of peristaltic contraction.
53
Name the outer layer of loose supporting tissue lining the outside of the small intestine
Adventitia (protective tissue layer)
54
What is the name for the mucous secreting cells lining the lumen of the small intestine
Goblet cells
55
Why is it called smooth muscle
The contractile proteins lack the obvious organised structure of striated muscle.
56
What name is used to describe this arrangement of muscle fibres
Fasciculi The individual muscle cells (muscle fibres) are grouped together into elongated bundles called fasciculi or fascicles with delicate supporting tissue called endomysium occupying the spaces between individual muscle fibres.
57
What is the name given to the layer of connective tissue surrounding each fascicle in skeletal muscle
Perimysium

Z- BDS1,Histology (9 decks)

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