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Histology > Nervous tissue > Flashcards

Nervous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the nervous system

A

To provide rapid the precise communication between different parts of the body via the action of neurones

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2
Q

What is the function of the central nervous system

A

EX brain and spinal cord

The central nervous system is where information processing occurs. It integrates, processes and coordinates sensory input and motor commands.

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3
Q

What are the receptors in the nervous system and their focus

A

RECEPTORS:
Special sensory receptors
-monitor smell, taste, vision, balance and hearing

Visceral sensory receptors
-monitor internal organs

Somatic sensory receptors
-monitor skeletal muscles, joints and skin surface

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4
Q

What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

-Parasympathetic division (Waste & digestion processes)
-Sympathetic division (Sudden or Immediate action/fight or flight)

Both consist of Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, Glands

Only sympathetic includes Adipose tissue

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5
Q

What does the peripheral system consist of

A

Nervous tissue outside the CNS and the ENS

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6
Q

Overview of the nervous system

A

RECEPTORS:
Special sensory
Visceral sensory
Somatic sensory

Sensory info within afferent division

CNS - Information processing

Motor commands within efferent division

Somatic nervous system - skeletal muscle / autonomic nervous system - Parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

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7
Q

Cells of the nervous system

A

Neurones (nerve cells) and glial cells (support cells)

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8
Q

What is the functional unit of the nervous system

A

Nerve cells - send signals around the body

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9
Q

How is a neuron specialised for intercellular communication

A

Long lived cells with high metabolic rate

Dendrites - highly branched processes site at which neurons receive info

Large cell bodies - larger than other cells

Single axon - extends away from cell body can reach up to 1 metre in length rapidly propagates action potentials

Terminal boutons - form communication junctions with other cells in pathway (synapses)

Excitability - small difference in charge between inside and outside of cell

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10
Q

What are dendrites

A

Highly branched processes extending from the cell body which form synapses with adjacent neurons and respond to external stimuli to convey incoming information to the cell body.

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11
Q

How is the cell body of a neuron different from that of other cells

A

Larger nucleus (stains darker)
Prominent nucleolus is a sign of active and ongoing synthesis of ribosomes. Reflects high metabolic demands placed on neurons
Nissl bodies (Name for clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum)
Numerous mitochondria

Grey matter - colour from high density of Nissl bodies

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12
Q

What is the function of axons

A

Rapidly propagates signal from cell body towards axon terminals
Specialised to conduct action potentials
PNS - myelinated or non-myelinated
CNS - myelinated

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13
Q

Terminal boutons

A

Form synapses with other neurones or effector organs
Communications junctions e.g. neuromuscular junctions

Here electrical signals are converted to chemical signals
neurotransmitters released and convey message to next cell in pathway.

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14
Q

Types of Neuroglia cells (glial cells) protection and support neurones

A

CNS
-ependymal cells
-astrocytes
-microglia
-oligodendrocytes

PNS
-satellite
-schwann cells

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15
Q

What forms almost half of the total mass of the CNS

A

Neuroglia cells

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16
Q

structure and function of ependymal cells

A

Simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium
Lines fluid-filled cavities in brain (ventricles) and spinal canal
No basement membrane, long processes which merge with underlying tissue

Function
Help to move spinal fluid around and regulate composition of spinal fluid

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17
Q

What is the structure and function of astrocytes

A

Structure
Named for star shape
Highly branched
Large and numerous (most numerous support cell in CNS)
Form the blood-brain barrier

Function
provide mechanical support
mediate the exchange of metabolites between neurons and vascular system
Regulate chemical environment

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18
Q

What is the structure and function of microglia

A

Structure
Named for small size
Derived from phagocytes and macrophages so have phagocytic capacity

Function
In response to tissue damage they will transform into large phagocytic cells as to remove invading microbes and dead cells from the CNS

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19
Q

White and grey matter

A

Cell bodies of neurons are mainly located within grey matter while white matter consists mainly of the myelinated neuronal axons (oligodendrocytes)

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20
Q

Function of Oligodendrocytes

A

A single oligodendrocytes can contribute to the myelination of up to 50 axons however every axon must derive its coat from numerous oligodendrocytes as permitted length is limited from each.
They provide structural, functional and metabolic support to axons
Predominant neuroglia of white matter

21
Q

How do Schwann cells provide structural and metabolic support

A

They are the equivalent of oligodendrocytes as they form the myelin sheaths around the PNS axons.
Smaller non myelinated axons are enveloped by the cytoplasm of Schwann cells providing protection.
Larger diameter axons are wrapped by the Schwann cell membrane to create a myelin sheath.

22
Q

What are ganglions

A

Aggregations of neuronal cells bodies that are located near the spinal column

23
Q

Where are satellite cells located

A

In ganglions

24
Q

What is the structure and assumed of satellite cells

A

Flattened cells that cover the surface of neuronal cell bodies
Provide structural and functional protection to neuronal cell bodies

25
Q

What type of neuroglia lines the spinal canal

A

Ependymal cells

26
Q

Which type of neuroglia forms part of the blood-brain barrier

A

Astrocyte

27
Q

The structure of neurons is designed to reflect their function of….

A

intercellular communication

28
Q

What is the function of the neuronal axon

A

Propagate action potentials

29
Q

What type of epithelium do ependymal cells have

A

Simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium

30
Q

Which neuron is found in the cerebral cortex

A

Pyramidal

31
Q

What are nissl bodies

A

Clusters of rough ER

32
Q

Which one of these cells of the neuroglia is not associated with the CNS

A

Satellite cells

33
Q

Which cells are responsible for the removal of invading microbes and dead cells from central nervous system

A

Microglia

34
Q

How many pairs of lumbar nerves are present in spinal nerves?

A

5

35
Q

Vitamin B12 is produced within the gastrointestinal tract to aid with function of the nervous system as well as keeping our blood cells healthy. Which cell in the gastrointestinal tract produces intrinsic factor, the protein that helps with the absorption of this vitamin

A

Parietal cells

36
Q

What is the function of epidymal cells?

A

Secrete cerebro spinal fluid and its movement

37
Q

What is the function of neuroglial cells

A

Protection and support of the nervous system

38
Q

What is the layer of thin connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibres

A

Endomysium

39
Q

What is an alternative name for nerve fibres?

A

Axon

40
Q

What is the perikaryon

A

Another name for the cell body of the neuron

41
Q

What is the function of the nodes of Ranvier?

A

Enhances the conduction
velocity of axons
Allows nutrients and
waste to enter and exit the neuron.

42
Q

What stain colours lipids

A

Osmium tetroxide

43
Q

What does calibre mean

A

Calibre refers to the diameter of the axon

44
Q

How can the effectiveness of local anaesthesia
be affected by the presence of adipocytes?

A

The potency of an anaesthetic is associated with its lipid solubility.

45
Q

In which direction does information typically travel in the ventral horns?

A

Downwards

46
Q

What type of neurons are located at the small lateral horns

A

Sympathetic efferent neurons

47
Q

What neurons are found in the human cerebellum

A

Pirkinje cells

48
Q

What are Ganglia

A

Clusters of neuron cell bodies which house millions of synapses

Histology (9 decks)

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