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Histology > Endocrine and exocrine glands > Flashcards

Endocrine and exocrine glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are glands

A

Epithelial cells that produce secretions
They are ectodermal in origin

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2
Q

What do endocrine glands do

A

They produce secretions (hormones) which are released into the surrounding interstitial fluid and then enter the blood stream via fenestrated capillaries. The secretions can be stored and released once stimulated.

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3
Q

Where would endocrine glands be found

A

-As part of the epithelial surface such as lining of the digestive tract
-Separate organs such as thyroid or pituitary gland

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4
Q

What is the purpose of endocrine glands

A

to regulate bodily functions and maintain homeostasis

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5
Q

What are the patterns of hormone secretion

A

Chronic - Same period, same time, same amounts (regular)
e.g. Thyroxin

Episodic - Follows a particular episode such as ingestion of food e.g. Insulin

Acute - Varying secretions depending on stimulus
e.g. Epinephrine

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6
Q

When does a humoral response occur

A

Changes in levels of blood-borne molecules
e.g. High glucose levels stimulates insulin secretion

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7
Q

What is the name for a hormone response stimulated by neurons

A

Neural
e.g. Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) stimulates epinephrine release

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8
Q

How does a hormonal response regulate hormone secretion

A

Hormone secretion stimulates another hormone to be secreted
e.g. Hormones from pituitary gland stimulate testes to make testosterone

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9
Q

What are the classes of hormones

A

Proteins and polypeptides: Pancreas, parathyroid gland. Stored in cell.​

Steroids:
adrenal cortex, ovaries and placenta. Synthesized from cholesterol, not stored.​
​
Derivatives of amino acid tyrosine:
adrenal medulla and thyroid​

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10
Q

Name a type of endocrine gland

A

Parathyroid gland

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11
Q

Which response stimulates the parathyroid gland

A

Hormonal
-Osteoclasts, Giant multinucleated cell attaches to surface of bone and breaks down to release minerals into blood when needed (hormone stimulates the break down of the osteoclasts) work together to keep calcium within normal range​

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12
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid gland

A

control the calcium levels in our blood and bones

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13
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism

A

The over release of minerals into the blood

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14
Q

What is required for calcium metabolism

A

-Calcitonin
-PTH
-Vit D

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15
Q

What do Chief cells do

A

Synthesize and secrete PTH

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16
Q

Describe the appearance of oxyphil cells in a micrograph

A

Clustered together
Numerous mitochondria
Transitional form of chief cells

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17
Q

Method of secretion of exocrine glands

A

Secretions released through ducts that open onto epithelial surface (or directly to surface)

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18
Q

Example of a unicellular gland

A

Single cell mucus glands in the trachea

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19
Q

Types of multicellular glands
Names and examples

A

-secretory sheet (simplest multicellular gland)
-Pockets of gland cells set back from the epithelial surface

EXAMPLES:
simple tubular
-glands in stomach or colon

simple coiled tubular
-lower portion of stomach and small intestine

simple branched tubular
-glands in lower portion of stomach

simple acinar
-sebaceous glands of skin

simple branched acinar
-sebaceous glands of skin

Compound tubular
-mucous glands of duodenum

compound acinar
-mammary glands

Compound tubuloacinar
-pancreas

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20
Q

Properties of branches exocrine glands

A

Surrounded by fibrous tissue capsule​

Septa from the capsule divide the glandular tissue (parenchyma) into lobes (interlobar septa)​

Intralobular septa divide the lobes into lobules.

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21
Q

What are the types of secretion

A

Serous-watery secretion containing enzymes

Mucous-secrete mucins which hydrate to form mucous

Mixed glands-contains both

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22
Q

Function of the myoepithelial cells

A

Act as muscle cells, contract to push secretions out and along the ducts.
Lie between the secretory cells and basal lamina

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23
Q

What are some major salivary glands

A

Parotid, submandibular and sublingual - 6 (2 each )

24
Q

Where are minor glands found

A

All over the oral cavity as well as the tongue

25
Q

Which glands can tumours arise in

A

Both major and minor glands can develop tumours as well as become affected by diseases such as dry mouth

26
Q

Which secretion produces a darker stain

A

Serous acini - much darker, granular cytoplasm produces enzymes and the nuclei tend to be rounder than that of mucous acini which possesses flattened nuclei

27
Q

Which organ contains tissue which has both endocrine and exocrine glands

A

The pancreas (only 2% endocrine)

28
Q

Structure of the pancreas
-What does it contain
-What does it secrete

A

Branched tubuloacinar gland
Four compartments - Head, Neck, Body and Tail.
Doesn’t contain myoepithelial cells or striated ducts.
Secretes proteases and amylases

29
Q

What are islets or langerhans

A

Irregularly shaped patches of endocrine tissue in the pancreas

30
Q

Diseases of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic cancer​
Both portions affected
Surgical treatment is ineffective in some types of cancer​

Cystic fibrosis
Exocrine portion is affected​
Chloride channel protein (CFTR) genetic defect​
Secretions become thick and mucous like, prone to infection and difficult

Diabetes mellitus​
Most common and most important endocrine disorder​

31
Q

What are the differences between type 1 & 2 diabetes

A

Type 1. Insulin dependent. Destruction of beta cells. 5-10% of all diabetic patients.​

Type 2. Insulin resistant. Tissues lose their sensitivity to insulin so becomes ineffective​

Both have effects on most systems in the body.​
​

32
Q

Oral effects of diabetes

A

-periodontitis​
Inflammation within periodontal ligament can cause the tooth to become mobile​

-dry mouth (xerostomia)​

-susceptibility to infections

33
Q

Disorders of the endocrine system (endocrinopathies)

A

Reduced hormone release (hypofunction)​
Due to smaller than normal gland, autoimmune process or tumour or the cells in body simply become resistant to action of the hormone, receptor of hormone is blocked​

Excessive hormone release (hyperfunction)​

Hormone resistance. (Diabetes mellitus) ​

Endocrine changes may be seen in pregnancy, menopause, stress, obesity…

34
Q

What type of secretion is produced by the pink coloured acini

A

Serous
They have not taken up the blue stain, hence these acini secrete serous secretions

35
Q

What circular structures with a hollow centre are lined with a simple columnar

A

Salivary ducts

36
Q

What secretion does the parotoid gland produce

A

Serous

37
Q

Which major salivary gland produces a serous mucous secretion

A

Submandibular

38
Q

What secretion does the sublingual gland produce

A

mucus

39
Q

What halogen is essential for the endocrine function of the thyroid

A

Iodine
Use it to synthesise thyroid hormones

40
Q

Which thyroid hormones are partially composed of iodine

A

T3 (triiodothyronine), T4 (Tetraiodothyronine)

41
Q

Which cells are responsible for the conversion of thyroglobulin into T3 and T4

A

Thyroid epithelial (follicular) cells
When active thyroid
hormone is required, the same cells remove some of the stored thyroglobulin and
detach T3 and T4 , which then pass through the cell into an adjacent capillary.

42
Q

Which cells are responsible for the secretion of calcitonin

A

C cells or parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin , which is a
physiological antagonist to parathyroid hormone and therefore lowers blood
calcium levels by suppressing the osteoclastic resorption of bone.

43
Q

The parathyroid hormone is produced by which cells

A

Chief cells

44
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid hormone

A

Stimulate osteoclast activity

45
Q

The adrenal cortex can be seen to consist of 3 histological zones, which are named according to the arrangement of secretory cells. What is the name of the area of the adrenal cortex which secretes aldosterone

A

Zona glomerulosa

46
Q

What does the zona fasciculata consist of

A

The intermediate zona fasciculate consists of parallel cords of
secretory cells disposed at right angles to the capsule.

47
Q

Where is the zona reticularis

A

The zona reticularis lies adjacent to the medulla and consists of
small closely packed cells arranged in irregular cords. Often the borders of
the zones are less regular and less easily recognised than for the other zones.

48
Q

Name the hormone produced within the zona fasciculata.

A

Cortisol
he zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoid hormones, mainly
cortisol, which have many metabolic effects, one of which is to raise blood
glucose levels and increase cellular synthesis of glycogen.

49
Q

Name the groups of hormones produced exclusively within the zona reticularis?

A

The zona reticularis secretes the
androgens, a group of hormones with a variety of cell growth stimulating
effects as well as supporting the development of secondary sex characteristics.
Small quantities of glucocorticoids are also produced here but these are
primarily produced by the zona fasciculata.

50
Q

Which type of cells do you find in the Islet of Langerhans?

A

Delta cells

Beta cells

Alpha cells

PP cells

51
Q

Which cells produce insulin

A

Beta cells
Glucagon, insulin and somatostatin-secreting cells have been designated
as alpha, beta and delta cells, respectively. However, with the advent of
immunohistochemical methods for identification of secretory products, it is
most appropriate to identify cells by their products.

52
Q

Features of serous gland cells

A

Stain pink with H&E
Cell nuclei are in centre of cell

53
Q

How can you tell a the gland is mucous

A

Glycoprotein has to be produced through translation and transcription involving vesicles so cytoplasm of the gland cells are packed with vesicles giving a
‘frothy’ appearance and lighter staining effect with flattened outer lying nuclei

54
Q

How do the secretions the parotid gland produce enter the oral cavity

A

Pass through buccinator to open opposite the 2nd upper molar tooth

55
Q

What type of secretions does the parotid gland produce

A

serous exocrine

56
Q
A

Histology (9 decks)

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