Skin and fascia

Question 1

Skin

Answer 1

It is the structure that covers the body and protects it from the environment

Question 2

Layers of the skin

Answer 2

Epidermis

Dermis

Question 3

Epidermis structure

Answer 3

Consists of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

Question 4

Epidermis sites

Answer 4

Thick on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet

Thin everywhere else

Question 5

Dermis structure

Answer 5

Strong connective tissue mostly made of collagenous and some elastic fibers
Contains many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

Question 6

Dermis thickness

Answer 6

Thinner on the anterior than the posterior

Thinner in women than men

Question 7

Flexure lines (skin creases)

Answer 7

Folds of the skin over the joints

The skin is thinner and firmily attatched to the underlying structures by strong bands of fibrous tissue

Question 8

Papillary ridges

Answer 8

Confined to the palms and soles and felxor surfaces of digits
They form narrow ridges seperated by fine parallel groove

Question 9

Wrinkle lines

Answer 9

On face, they become permemnat with aging due to loss of skin elasticity

Question 10

Langer lines (tension lines) (lines of langerhans)

Answer 10

Shapped by arrangement of collagen fibres

They represent skin tension in rigor mortis

Question 10

Langer lines (tension lines) (lines of langerhans)

Answer 10

Shapped by arrangement of collagen fibres
They represent skin tension in rigor mortis
Surgical insicions made parallel to them heal with minimum amount of scar tissue

Question 11

Functions of the skin

Answer 11

Protection
Prevention of loss of body fluids
Regulation of body temperature through sweat
Sensation by nerve endings
Moistening of the skin by secretions of the sebacous glands

Question 12

Skin appendages

Answer 12

Nails
Hair and hair follicles
Sebacous glands
Sweat glands

Question 13

Nails

Answer 13

Nails are keratinized plates on the dorsal surfaces of the tip of the fingers and toes

Question 14

Sites with no hair

Answer 14

Lips 
Palms of the hands
Soles of the feet 
The sides of fingers 
The sides of toes
The glans penis and clitoris 
The labia minora and the internal surface of the labia majora

Question 15

Sebaceous glands and their diseases

Answer 15

They pour their sebum onto the shaft of the hair
It is oily
Choked –> Blackheads
Infected –> Acne

Question 16

Sweat glands

Answer 16

Long, spiral, tubular glands

Question 17

Sites with no swaet glands

Answer 17

The red margins of the lips
The nail beds
The glans penis and clitoris

Question 18

Types of fascia

Answer 18

Superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue)
Deep fascia

Question 19

Superficial fascia positions

Answer 19

In the scalp, the back of the enck, the palms of the hand and the soles of the feet it contains bundles of collagen fibres
In the eyelids, auricle of the ear, penis, scrotum and clitoris, it is devoid of adipose tissue
In anterior abdominal wall, it is differentiated into superficial fatty layer and a deep membranous layer.

Question 20

Functions of superficial fascia

Answer 20

Gives certain parts of the body their specific contour
Acts as a heat insulator
Acts as a source of energy
Acts as a medium for passage of cutaneous nerves and vessels

Question 21

Deep fascia description

Answer 21

It is a membranous layer of connective tissue that invests musclesand other deep structures

Question 22

Functions of deep fascia

Answer 22

Holds underlying tendons in position
Invests the deep structures to bones
Gives origin and insertion of some muscles
Sends septa to bone forming compartements
Forms retinacula to hold the long tendons
Forms palmar and plantar aponeuroses to protect the palm and soles

Question 23

Deep fascia in the neck

Answer 23

Forms well defined layers that play a role in the path taken by pathogenic bacteria

Question 24

Deep fascia in the Thorax and Abdomen

Answer 24

A thin film of areolar tissue covering the muscles and aponeuroses

Question 25

Deep fascia in the regions of the joints

Answer 25

Thickened to form restraining bands called retinacula

Question 26

Deep fascia in the limbs

Answer 26

Forms a defenite sheath around muscles holding them in place
Fibrous septa extend from the deep surface of the membrane between the group of muscles