Respiratory system Flashcards
Upper respiratory system components
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Lower respiratory system components
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Boundaries of the nasal cavity
The roof is formed from the base of the skull
the floor is formed of the hard palate
Divided into right and left halves by nasal septum
Conchae
The projections on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity (they are 3)
Receive openings from the para-nasal sinuses
Lined by a mucous membrane
Paranasal sinuses
Air-filled extensions in the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxilla bones
Length and extension of the pharynx
13 cm long
extends from base of the skull to C6 infront of the cricoid cartilage
Divisions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Extension of the nasopharynx
Behind the nasal cavity above the level of the soft palate
Extension of the oropharynx
Behind the mouth cavity from the soft palate superiorly to the epiglottis inferiorly
Extension of the laryngopharynx
Behind the larynx from the epiglottis superiorly to the cricoid cartilage inferiorly
Continuation of the pharynx
Forms the esophagus
Length and extension of larynx
4 cm in length
extends from the root of the tongue and the epiglottis to the beginning of the trachea
Dimensions and extension of the trachea
4.5 inch in length and 1 inch in diameter
Divides at level of sternal angle
extends from C6 to T4 posteriorly
extends from circoid cartilage to the 2nd costal cartilage anteriorly
Trachea bifurcations
2 principle bronchi at level of sternal angle lobar bronchi segmental bronchi bronchioles alveolar ducts terminal alveoli
Divisions of right main bronchus
divides to eparterial (superior lobar) and hyparterial (inferior lobar)
the hyparterial branch enters the hilum and divides to 2 middle and inferior lobar
Divisions of left main bronchus
The main bronchus divides in the lung to 2 main lobar bronchi
Alveoli
are thin walled and consitute the barrier between the air inside and capillaries outside where gas exchange takes place
Level of the transverse thoracic plane
Level of T4
Pleura definition
closed sac of serous membrane which is invaginated from the medial side by the lung
Pleura layers
Visceral and parietal
Pleural cavity
The space between parietal and viscera pleura
Pleura functions
Reduction of friction
Creation of a pressure gradient
Prevention of spread of infection
Parts of parietal pleura
Cervical pleura (covers the apex of the lung) Costal pleura (lines the thoracic wall) Mediastinal pleura (lines the mediastinum) Diaphragmatic pleura (covers the diaphragm)
Pleural recesses
Costo-diaphragmatic recesses (slit like along the inferior margins of pleura between costal and diaphragmatic pleurae)
Costo-mediastinal recesses (slit like space along the anterior margins of the pleura between costal and mediastinal pleurae)
Blood supply of pleura
Visceral pleura (by bronchial vessels like the lungs) Parietal pleura (by intercostal and internal thoracic vessels)
Nerve supply of pleura
Visceral layer by autonomic pulmonary plexus
Parietal layer by:
1) Phrenic nerve (C3,4,5) to mediastinal and central part of diaphragmatic pleura
2) Intercostal nerves (lower 6 thoracic) to costal and peripheral parts of diaphragmatic
pleura
Lymphatic drainage of the pleura
Visceral pleura ( into broncho-pulmonary and tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes) parietal pleura according to different parts
Why the base of right lung is deeply concave?
Due to bulge of liver
Cardiac notch
On the left lung between the 4th and 6th costal cartilage
Oblique fissure of the lungs
Found in both lungs
Extends from the 3rd thoracic spine posteriorly to the end of the 6th rib anteriorly
