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Science for Medicine > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

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1
Q

stratum … is above

A

dermis

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2
Q

what are the four primary tissues in skin as an organ

A

Epithelium
Connective Tissue
Muscle
Nerve

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3
Q

Epidermal cells are termed

A

keratinocytes

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4
Q

skin facts

A
  • Largest organ in the body
  • Has its own nerve and blood supply
  • One of the first noticeable organs in patients
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5
Q

skin and pathological conditions

A

it has its own pathological conditions:

  • Sunburn
  • Eczema
  • Acne
  • Psoriasis
  • Melanoma
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6
Q

skin provides external evidence of

A

underlying systemic conditions:

  • Liver disease
  • Systemic sclerosis
  • Mitral stenosis
  • Urticaria
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7
Q

epidermis function

A

prevents water loss by evaporation

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8
Q

dermis function

A
  • reduces risk of external injury
  • maintains epidermis by its blood flow
  • permits body cooling
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9
Q

cooling of skin happens by

A

sweat glands and alterations in surface blood flow.

loss of heat from dilated blood vessels

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10
Q

skin functions

A
  • Immune surveillance
  • UV protection
  • Energy storage
  • Sensory information
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11
Q

structure of skin

A 
Epidermis:
    - epithelium
    - Forms boundary between internal and external 
      environments
Dermis:
    - connective tissue
    - gives structural strength
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12
Q

hypodermis is

A

Adipose (fatty) CT layer beneath skin = subcutaneous tissue

Anchors skin to underlying structures - (not strictly part of skin)

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13
Q

Epidermis outer layer of skin consists of

A

of 5 strata = layers.

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14
Q

Epithelial tissue is a

A
  • Stratified squamous keratinising epithelium

- Ectodermal origin

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15
Q

epidermal cell types include

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

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16
Q

Function of Merkel cells

A

touch receptors

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17
Q

Epidermis outer layer of skin consists of

A

of 5 strata = layers.

  • 5 layers formed by maturing keratinocytes
  • Continuum from basement membrane to skin surface
  • Layers not sharply defined
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18
Q

Function of Melanocytes

A

pigment formation

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19
Q

Function of Langerhans cells

A

immune surveillance

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20
Q

What is structure and function of Stratum basale (germinativum)?

A
  • Tall columnar cells interspersed with melanocytes and
    Merkel cells
  • Cells bound to basement membrane by
    hemidesmosomes
  • Irregular interface with dermis - dermal papillae
  • Continuous cell proliferation - are stem cells
    (undifferentiated)
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21
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

Bind Stratum basale (germinativum) to basement membrane

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22
Q

What is structure and function of Stratum spinosum

A 
Spinous layer
Created post-mortem: 
    - Cells shrink but desmosome junctions “create” spines
Little structural evidence of activity
Preparative layer for keratinisation
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23
Q

What is structure and function of Stratum granulosum

A

Presence of granules defines the layer

Granules of keratohyalin (possible precursors of keratin)

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24
Q

keratohyalin

A

possible precursors of keratin

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25
Q

What is structure and function of (Stratum lucidum) Stratum corneum

A
  • Stratum lucidum difficult to distinguish from str. corneum
  • Conversion of keratohyalin to keratin
  • Lots disulphide linkages give strength
  • Stratum corneum has “no” organelles
  • Desmosomes bind cells
  • 15-30 day turnover
26
Q

Keratinisation

A

Organic process whereby keratin is deposited in cells and these become horny as in dead skin, nails, hair

27
Q

keratinisation process (bottom layer to top)

A
  • stratum basal - stem cell division
  • incorporation of keratin
  • cell flattening
  • loss of nuclei and protoplasm
  • stratum corneum - dead cells are sloughed off
28
Q

psoriasis is

A

an autoimmune disorder affecting keratinisation

29
Q

psoriasis is

A

an autoimmune disorder affecting keratinisation

30
Q

Palms of hands & soles of foot

A

thick skin

31
Q

Abdominal skin

A

thin skin

32
Q

what layer of stratum varies most in epidermal thickness

A

Stratum corneum

dermis also varies

33
Q

Dermis layers

A 
Papillary layer
    - Loose connective tissue
    - Cellular
Reticular layer
    - Dense irregular connective tissue
    - Fibrous
34
Q

what layer of dermis is larger

A

reticular layer and it is also below the papillary layer

35
Q

Papillary layer has

A
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Irregular interface with epidermis - “papillae”
  • Cellular eg macrophages
  • Protective against pathogens
  • Blood vessels
  • Nerve endings
36
Q

why are blood vessels needed in the papillary layer of dermis

A
  • Thermoregulation

- Nutrition

37
Q

why are nerve endings needed in the papillary layer of dermis

A

sense organs

38
Q

Reticular layer has

A

Dense irregular connective tissue
Collagen bundles in three planes
Elastic fibres
Loss of elasticity is normal in old age

39
Q

Reticular layer has

A
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • Collagen bundles in three planes
  • Elastic fibres
  • Loss of elasticity is normal in old age
40
Q

Waterproofing and skin

A
  • Function of epidermis
  • Keratin in cells “waterproof”
  • Intercellular spaces filled with lipid cement
  • Keratin originates as lamellated granules in str. granulosum
41
Q

Skin colour is determined by

A
  • Blood
  • Carotene
  • Melanin
  • Melanocytes
  • In str. germinativum
  • “Injects” melanin
  • Mainly found on “Sun” side of nuclei
42
Q

Melanin

A

Protects against UV

43
Q

Hair and skin

A
  • Thermoregulatory but not in humans
  • Responsive to cold but not effective
  • Practical use in skin repair
  • Derived from epithelial layer
44
Q

Origin of hair follicles

A
  • From epidermis in utero
  • Downgrowth of epithelial cells
  • Invasion of knot of blood vessels
  • Growth of hair
  • Continuity with layers of epidermis
45
Q

Hair follicle

A

Hair + sheath(s)

46
Q

Arrector pili muscles in hair

A
  • Attached to follicle root and base epidermis
  • Follicle at angle
  • Hair straightens when muscle contracts
47
Q

Sebaceous glands

A
  • Between follicle and arrector pili muscle
  • Secretes sebum
  • Function uncertain
48
Q

strong plate of hard keratin, called

A

nailornail plate,

49
Q

nailornail plate which grows out from

A

nail bed

50
Q

the nail bed, is a specialised form of

A

skin epithelium, and has the same four layers of the epidermis of skin, with the nail plate being analogous to thestratum corneumlayer.

51
Q

lunula is the

A

white bit on nail above cuticle

52
Q

eponychium is

A

cuticle

53
Q

hyponychium

A

under end of nail - nail bed

54
Q

Skin glands

A 
Sebaceous
    - Hair follicles
    - Sebum
Apocrine sweat glands 
    - Axilla
    - Protein rich - B.O.!
Eccrine
    - Sweat
55
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A
  • Simple tubular glands
  • Located in dermis
  • Coiled secretory portion
  • Coiled and straight duct in dermis
  • Spiral channel in epidermis
  • Watery secretion
  • Thermoregulatory
56
Q

Thermoregulation occurs through

A 
Sweat glands
Blood vessel dilation
    - Absorption
    - Radiation
Hair
    - Polar bears not humans
57
Q

Skin – sense organ

Numerous sensory nerve endings:

A 
Meissner’s corpuscles 
    - light touch - fingertips
Paccinian corpuscles -
    - vibration & pressure
Pain receptors
Thermoreceptors
58
Q

Skin – sense organ

Numerous sensory nerve endings:

A 
Meissner’s corpuscles 
    - light touch - fingertips
Paccinian corpuscles -
    - vibration & pressure
Pain receptors
Thermoreceptors
59
Q

skin repair after damage

A

blood clot
scab
granulation tissue
scar

60
Q

Melanocytes are found in

A

Basal layer of Epidermis

61
Q

Q. structure is found in the dermis of the skin

A

Sebaceous glands

Science for Medicine (16 decks)

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