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Science for Medicine > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

stratum … is above

A

dermis

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2
Q

what are the four primary tissues in skin as an organ

A

Epithelium
Connective Tissue
Muscle
Nerve

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3
Q

Epidermal cells are termed

A

keratinocytes

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4
Q

skin facts

A
  • Largest organ in the body
  • Has its own nerve and blood supply
  • One of the first noticeable organs in patients
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5
Q

skin and pathological conditions

A

it has its own pathological conditions:

  • Sunburn
  • Eczema
  • Acne
  • Psoriasis
  • Melanoma
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6
Q

skin provides external evidence of

A

underlying systemic conditions:

  • Liver disease
  • Systemic sclerosis
  • Mitral stenosis
  • Urticaria
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7
Q

epidermis function

A

prevents water loss by evaporation

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8
Q

dermis function

A
  • reduces risk of external injury
  • maintains epidermis by its blood flow
  • permits body cooling
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9
Q

cooling of skin happens by

A

sweat glands and alterations in surface blood flow.

loss of heat from dilated blood vessels

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10
Q

skin functions

A
  • Immune surveillance
  • UV protection
  • Energy storage
  • Sensory information
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11
Q

structure of skin

A 
Epidermis:
    - epithelium
    - Forms boundary between internal and external 
      environments
Dermis:
    - connective tissue
    - gives structural strength
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12
Q

hypodermis is

A

Adipose (fatty) CT layer beneath skin = subcutaneous tissue

Anchors skin to underlying structures - (not strictly part of skin)

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13
Q

Epidermis outer layer of skin consists of

A

of 5 strata = layers.

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14
Q

Epithelial tissue is a

A
  • Stratified squamous keratinising epithelium

- Ectodermal origin

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15
Q

epidermal cell types include

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

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16
Q

Function of Merkel cells

A

touch receptors

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17
Q

Epidermis outer layer of skin consists of

A

of 5 strata = layers.

  • 5 layers formed by maturing keratinocytes
  • Continuum from basement membrane to skin surface
  • Layers not sharply defined
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18
Q

Function of Melanocytes

A

pigment formation

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19
Q

Function of Langerhans cells

A

immune surveillance

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20
Q

What is structure and function of Stratum basale (germinativum)?

A
  • Tall columnar cells interspersed with melanocytes and
    Merkel cells
  • Cells bound to basement membrane by
    hemidesmosomes
  • Irregular interface with dermis - dermal papillae
  • Continuous cell proliferation - are stem cells
    (undifferentiated)
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21
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

Bind Stratum basale (germinativum) to basement membrane

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22
Q

What is structure and function of Stratum spinosum

A 
Spinous layer
Created post-mortem: 
    - Cells shrink but desmosome junctions “create” spines
Little structural evidence of activity
Preparative layer for keratinisation
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23
Q

What is structure and function of Stratum granulosum

A

Presence of granules defines the layer

Granules of keratohyalin (possible precursors of keratin)

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24
Q

keratohyalin

A

possible precursors of keratin

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25
What is structure and function of (Stratum lucidum) Stratum corneum
- Stratum lucidum difficult to distinguish from str. corneum - Conversion of keratohyalin to keratin - Lots disulphide linkages give strength - Stratum corneum has “no” organelles - Desmosomes bind cells - 15-30 day turnover
26
Keratinisation
Organic process whereby keratin is deposited in cells and these become horny as in dead skin, nails, hair
27
keratinisation process (bottom layer to top)
- stratum basal - stem cell division - incorporation of keratin - cell flattening - loss of nuclei and protoplasm - stratum corneum - dead cells are sloughed off
28
psoriasis is
an autoimmune disorder affecting keratinisation
29
psoriasis is
an autoimmune disorder affecting keratinisation
30
Palms of hands & soles of foot
thick skin
31
Abdominal skin
thin skin
32
what layer of stratum varies most in epidermal thickness
Stratum corneum dermis also varies
33
Dermis layers
``` Papillary layer - Loose connective tissue - Cellular Reticular layer - Dense irregular connective tissue - Fibrous ```
34
what layer of dermis is larger
reticular layer and it is also below the papillary layer
35
Papillary layer has
- Loose connective tissue - Irregular interface with epidermis - “papillae” - Cellular eg macrophages - Protective against pathogens - Blood vessels - Nerve endings
36
why are blood vessels needed in the papillary layer of dermis
- Thermoregulation | - Nutrition
37
why are nerve endings needed in the papillary layer of dermis
sense organs
38
Reticular layer has
Dense irregular connective tissue Collagen bundles in three planes Elastic fibres Loss of elasticity is normal in old age
39
Reticular layer has
- Dense irregular connective tissue - Collagen bundles in three planes - Elastic fibres - Loss of elasticity is normal in old age
40
Waterproofing and skin
- Function of epidermis - Keratin in cells “waterproof” - Intercellular spaces filled with lipid cement - Keratin originates as lamellated granules in str. granulosum
41
Skin colour is determined by
- Blood - Carotene - Melanin - Melanocytes - In str. germinativum - “Injects” melanin - Mainly found on “Sun” side of nuclei
42
Melanin
Protects against UV
43
Hair and skin
- Thermoregulatory but not in humans - Responsive to cold but not effective - Practical use in skin repair - Derived from epithelial layer
44
Origin of hair follicles
- From epidermis in utero - Downgrowth of epithelial cells - Invasion of knot of blood vessels - Growth of hair - Continuity with layers of epidermis
45
Hair follicle
Hair + sheath(s)
46
Arrector pili muscles in hair
- Attached to follicle root and base epidermis - Follicle at angle - Hair straightens when muscle contracts
47
Sebaceous glands
- Between follicle and arrector pili muscle - Secretes sebum - Function uncertain
48
strong plate of hard keratin, called
nail or nail plate,
49
nail or nail plate which grows out from
nail bed
50
the nail bed, is a specialised form of
skin epithelium, and has the same four layers of the epidermis of skin, with the nail plate being analogous to the stratum corneum layer.
51
lunula is the
white bit on nail above cuticle
52
eponychium is
cuticle
53
hyponychium
under end of nail - nail bed
54
Skin glands
``` Sebaceous - Hair follicles - Sebum Apocrine sweat glands - Axilla - Protein rich - B.O.! Eccrine - Sweat ```
55
Eccrine sweat glands
- Simple tubular glands - Located in dermis - Coiled secretory portion - Coiled and straight duct in dermis - Spiral channel in epidermis - Watery secretion - Thermoregulatory
56
Thermoregulation occurs through
``` Sweat glands Blood vessel dilation - Absorption - Radiation Hair - Polar bears not humans ```
57
Skin – sense organ | Numerous sensory nerve endings:
``` Meissner’s corpuscles - light touch - fingertips Paccinian corpuscles - - vibration & pressure Pain receptors Thermoreceptors ```
58
Skin – sense organ | Numerous sensory nerve endings:
``` Meissner’s corpuscles - light touch - fingertips Paccinian corpuscles - - vibration & pressure Pain receptors Thermoreceptors ```
59
skin repair after damage
blood clot scab granulation tissue scar
60
Melanocytes are found in
Basal layer of Epidermis
61
Q. structure is found in the dermis of the skin
Sebaceous glands

Science for Medicine (16 decks)

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