Muscles and Nerves

Question 1

Muscle functions

Answer 1

Movement
    - Skeleton
    - Intestines
    - Heart & blood vessels
Static support
Heat production

Question 2

Types of muscle:

skeletal

Answer 2

• attached to skeleton
• locomotion
• Voluntary

Question 3

Types of muscle:

cardiac

Answer 3

• heart
• blood circulation
• involuntary

Question 4

Types of Muscle:

smooth

Answer 4

• walls of vessels and organs
• move substances and restrict flow
• involuntary

Question 5

skeletal muscle contains

Answer 5

• epimysium
• perimysium
• endomysium
• blood vessel
• fascicle
• muscle fibre

Question 6

tendons are

Answer 6

• dense connective tissue
• do not shorten
• can alter force of direction
• some muscles share common tendons

Question 7

Muscles in action

Answer 7

muscles that pass over a joint will act on that joint.

- they can act on more than one joint as they pass over more than one joint

Question 8

some muscles can have

Answer 8

more than one action.
some maintain posture and oppose gravity.
eg- erector spinae, deltoid

Question 9

Muscles work as part of the system

Elbow joint:

Answer 9

flexors and extensors work in opposition

Question 10

Muscles work as part of the system

shoulder joint:

Answer 10

stabilised by joint action of rotator cuff muscles

Question 11

Muscles work as part of the system

hand:

Answer 11

forearm arm muscles for powerful grip

intrinsic hand muscles for precision

Question 12

Limbs: muscle compartments
Arm:

Answer 12

flexor and extensor

Question 13

Limbs: muscle compartments
Forearm:

Answer 13

flexor pronator and extensor supinator

Question 14

Muscles of the same compartment usually

Answer 14

supplied by the same nerve.

eg- radial nerve supplies all extensors in the upper limb

Question 15

Nervous system:

structural differences

Answer 15

CNS
- brain and spinal cord

PNS
- 12 Cranial and 31 spinal nerves

Question 16

Nervous system:

Functional divisions

Answer 16

Somatic (voluntary)
Autonomic (involuntary)
- Sympathetic (fight or flight)
- Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Question 17

sensory is

Answer 17

afferent neurons

Question 18

motor is

Answer 18

efferent neurons

Question 19

1st spinal nerves exits between

Answer 19

skull and C1

Question 20

roots can be

Answer 20

either sensory or motor

sensory comes in from dorsal horn (from skin)
motor exits from ventral root (to muscle)

Question 21

spinal nerves can be

Answer 21

sensory and motor

Question 22

rami can be

Answer 22

sensory and motor

Question 23

in the somatic pathway the motor fibres

Answer 23

do not synapse

Question 24

in the autonomic pathway, he motor fibres

Answer 24

synapse at the ganglion

Question 25

Sympathetic trunk/chain is formed by

Answer 25

sympathetic ganglia

Question 26

sympathetic ganglia is where

Answer 26

most sympathetic motor fibres synapse.
(except fibres to the abdominopelvic viscera)

note that fibres dont follow the same course

Question 27

ventral ramus is

Answer 27

posterior to the dorsal ramus

Question 28

difference between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves

Answer 28

• location of outflow of nerves
• location of ganglia
• transmitters and receptors used

Question 29

Myotomes & Dermatomes are

Answer 29

• Areas supplied by a single spinal nerve

- Can be used clinically to test for lesions at specific levels of the spinal cord

Question 30

cutaneous nerve maps are

Answer 30

combination of fibres from different spinal nerves

Question 31

dermatomes

Answer 31

are strips of the body that are supplied by the same nerve.