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ANA300 > SKIN > Flashcards

SKIN Flashcards

1
Q

7 functions of skin

A
  1. barrier
  2. immunological
  3. homeostatic
  4. sensory
  5. endocrine
  6. excretory
  7. drug delivery
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2
Q

how many layers of skin

A

2: epidermis and dermis

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3
Q

how many layers in epidermis

A

4 or 5

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4
Q

classify the epidermal epithelium

A

keratinized stratified squamous

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5
Q

where is thick skin found

A

palms, soles

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6
Q

T or F: thick skin is always hairless

A

T

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7
Q

2 layers of dermis

A

papillary, reticular

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8
Q

CT type in papillary layer

A

loose CT

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9
Q

CT type in reticular layer of dermis

A

dense IR CT

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10
Q

range of thickness of skin

A

< 1mm to > 5mm

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11
Q

T or F: skin is continuous with mucous membranes

A

T i.e nasal cavity

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12
Q

layer underneath dermis

A

subcutaneous layer / hypodermis (NOT SKIN)

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13
Q

What is the camper’s fascia

A

hypodermis (aka superficial fascia)

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14
Q

in thick skin, which layer changes width?

A

epidermis

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15
Q

if include dermis, where is the thickest skin in your body

A

back

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16
Q

which epidermis layer is in thick skin, but not thin skin

A

stratum lucidum

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17
Q

name the 5 layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep

A

(Stratum): corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale/germinativum (“Come Let’s Get Sun Burnt”)

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18
Q

is there a basement membrane in skin?

A

yes, separates epidermis from dermis

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19
Q

how many cells thick is the stratum basale

A

1

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20
Q

what layer of skin has the dead cells

A

corneum

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21
Q

predominant cell type in epidermis

A

keratinocyte

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22
Q

function of keratinocyte

A

produce keratin (waterproof barrier)

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23
Q

merkel cells: what layer and what type of skin

A

germinativum/basale ; hairless skin

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24
Q

what kind of protein is keratin

A

intermediate filament

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25
Q

inside vesicles of merkel cells

A

neuroactive chemicals

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26
Q

what causes merkel cells to release their vesicles

A

touch

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27
Q

what is the result of merkel cells vesicle release

A

stimulation of afferent nerve endings

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28
Q

merkel cells = _____ receptor

A

touch

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29
Q

what epidermal layer has langerhans cells

A

spinosum

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30
Q

what body locations have langerhans cells in their epidermis

A

keratinized skin, mucous membranes, superficial lymph nodes

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31
Q

what epidermis layers contain melanocytes

A

basale, but some melanocytes and their cell processes extend into spinosum

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32
Q

ratio of melanocyte: keratinocyte in s. basale

A

1:4 -1:10

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33
Q

function of melanocytes

A

produce melanin, package into melanosomes

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34
Q

what is pigment donation

A

melanocytes give melanosomes to keratinocytes

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35
Q

where do keratinocytes store melanosomes? why?

A

“supranuclear”; above their nucleus; shield from UV radiation

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36
Q

fate of melanosomes in keratinocytes

A

degradation by lysosomes

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37
Q

T or F: some body parts have more melanocytes

A

true; adaptation

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38
Q

what does tanning do to melanocytes

A

more active; NOT MORE IN NUMBER

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39
Q

sunburn = _____

A

inflammation

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40
Q

keratin produced on ____ _________

A

free ribosomes (protein stays in cell)

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41
Q

keratin intermediate filaments (cytoskeleton) are called

A

tonofilaments

42
Q

what types of cell junctions connect keratin

A

desmosomes (connect adjacent cells), hemidesmosomes (connect cell to BM)

43
Q

T or F: melanocytes have pale cytoplasm

A

T; surprisingly

44
Q

T or F: epidermis has no blood supply

A

T

45
Q

why does s. spinosum look “spiky”

A

tissue processing; cells shrink when dehydrated , but desmosomes stay in tact

46
Q

what is produced in s. spinosum on free ribosomes

A

keratinohyalin ; have IF-associated proteins

47
Q

what forms on RER in s. spinosum

A

lamellar granules (pro-barrier lipids)

48
Q

what 2 types of granules made in s. spinosum

A

keratinohyalin, lamellar

49
Q

in what layer are lamellar granules released

A

granulosum

50
Q

what happens at junction of s. granulosum and s. corneum

A

granulocytes (keratinocytes in s. granulosum) converted to cornfield cells

51
Q

cell shape in basal layer of epidermis

A

cuboidal

52
Q

how long does it take for cells to become cornfield in s granulosum

A

2-6 hours

53
Q

T or F: cells in s. granulosum have nuclei, organelles

A

T, until cornified

54
Q

keratinization in s. granulosum produces ____ ______

A

soft keratin

55
Q

what do the keratinohyalin granules do in granulosum

A

IF-associated proteins promote keratin filaments -> tonofibrils & desmosomes (maintain adhesion)

56
Q

3 cellular changes in s. granulosum

A

breakdown of nucleus & other organelles,
cell membrane thickens
acidification of cytoplasm

57
Q

what holds cells together after s. granulosum

A

desmosomes

58
Q

some people consider s. lucidum component of s ____

A

corneum

59
Q

s. corneum consists of ____keratin

A

soft

60
Q

pH in s. corneum

A

low

61
Q

how does pH contribute to shed

A

pH dependent enzymes break down desmosomes, keratinocytes shed

62
Q

how long do cells stay in s. corneum

A

2 weeks

63
Q

where is hard keratin

A

nails, hair

64
Q

T or F: keratin prevents 100% of water loss

A

F; some evaporation; insensible perspiration (loss of fluid, not through glands)

65
Q

in thick skin, how long does it take from basal to shed keratinocyte?

A

4-6 weeks

66
Q

how does blood affect skin colour

A

BV density, colour of blood

67
Q

carotene is precursor for _____ _

A

vitamin A

68
Q

where does carotene accumulate

A

keratinocytes, adipocytes

69
Q

what happens if you eat too many carrots or squash

A

carotene => orange-is tinge to skin

70
Q

T or F: darker-skinned humans have more melanocytes

A

F; dark skin = more active melanocytes -> more melanin (like tanning)

71
Q

eumelanin ->

A

dark

72
Q

pheomelanin

A

yellow/red

73
Q

what 2 features of skin increase epidermal-dermal surface area

A

epidermal ridges, dermal papillae

74
Q

what does thick skin have to increase SA between dermis and epidermis

A

dermal ridges (fingerprints)

75
Q

term for contact between epidermal ridges and dermal papillae

A

interdigitation

76
Q

purpose of increasing SA between dermis and epidermis

A

epidermis = avascular; depends on diffusion to and from dermis (nutrients, gases, waste removal)

77
Q

function of dermal ridges

A

palms and soles endure greatest friction; want to bind epidermis and dermis tightly

78
Q

CT of papillary dermis

A

loose CT

79
Q

CT of reticular dermis

A

dense irregular CT

80
Q

what layer of skin made into leather

A

reticular dermis

81
Q

what 2 layers is cutaneous plexus between

A

dermis and hypodermis (like barrier between cutaneous (skin) and subcutaneous)

82
Q

where is sub papillary plexus

A

under papillary of dermis

83
Q

what BV control superficial blood supply

A

AV anastomoses from cutaneous -> subpapillary

84
Q

2 types of BV plexus in dermis

A

cutaneous and subpapillary

85
Q

what BV in dermal papillae

A

capillary loops

86
Q

what type of innervation in dermis

A

sympathetic ONLY (think: scared cat -> arrector pili -> hair up)

87
Q

3 things innervated in skin

A

arrector pili
vascular smooth muscle
glands

88
Q

CT of hypodermis/ superficial fascia

A

loose CT with adipose tissue

89
Q

from centre, state 7 layers of hair

A

medulla (soft keratin), cortex (hard keratin), cuticle, internal root sheath, external root sheath (e=epidermis, continuous with), glassy membrane (thick BM), dermis-derived CT

90
Q

What determines length of uncut hair

A

Anagen (growth phase)

91
Q

Why does hair in axillae not grow as long as hair on head

A

Shorter growth phase (4 months vs 3-6 years)

92
Q

T or F: melanin production decreases with age

A

T

93
Q

hair follicle is invagination of _____

A

epithelium

94
Q

what provides attachment for arrector pili muscle

A

dense CT sheath

95
Q

name for terminal dilation of hair follicle

A

hair bulb

96
Q

function of dermal papillae (under hair bulb)

A

provide BVs, nerves for hair

97
Q

what kind of cells in hair matrix

A

epithelial cells (basal cells, melanocytes)

98
Q

other than soles and palms, what other hairless places in body

A

glands penis, labia minora, clitoris

99
Q

what epidermal layers involved in hair follicle

A

basale and spinosum

100
Q

what layer produces the sheath around the hair follicle

A

CT dermis

ANA300 (9 decks)

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